tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20123681431477345132024-03-14T01:16:36.087-07:00Kampus_peternakanmemberikan informasi seputar peternakan baik itu jurnal peternakan, laporan peternakan, Peluang Usaha Ternak Ayam Pejantan dan info-info lainnya.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.comBlogger164125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-762063385039527552015-11-22T11:11:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.564-07:00PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JAGUNG KUNING FERMENTASI DENGAN SUPLEMENTASI POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID (PUFA) DAN L-KARNITIN TERHADAP DAYA TETAS TELUR PUYUH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-40281291139056955612015-11-22T11:06:00.002-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.489-07:00PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BUNGKIL INTI KELAPA SAWIT YANG DIFERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN ISOLAT SELULOLITIK DARI BELALANG KEMBARA PADA PAKAN TERHADAP PENAMPILAN PRODUKSI PUYUH JANTAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-51263669272340773122015-11-22T11:02:00.002-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.503-07:00FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MARGIN PEMASARAN SAPI POTONG DAN DAGING SAPI DI KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-25551616664592854192015-11-22T10:57:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.437-07:00ELEMEN KLASTER INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN SUSU DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-76598254237522609302015-05-10T08:03:00.000-07:002016-08-22T14:24:11.566-07:00bioteknologi peternakan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam bidang peternakan, bioteknologi dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan
vaksin, antibodi, pakan bergizi tinggi, dan hormon pertumbuhan. Contoh
vaksin untuk ternak yaitu vaksin untuk penyakit mulut dan kuku pada
mamalia, vaksin NCD untuk mengobati penyakit tetelo pada unggas, dan
vaksin untuk penyakit flu burung.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hormon pertumbuhan diberikan pada ternak untuk meningkatkan produksi
daging, susu, atau telur. Contohnya adalah pemberian Bovine Growth
Hormone pada sapi perah dapat meningkatkan produksi susu dan daging
hingga 20%. Namun penggunaan hormon untuk memacu produksi pada ternak
masih diperdebatkan karena berpotensi meningkatkan penyakit masitis pada
ternak dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pemanfaatan bioteknologi dalam bidang peternakan lainnya adalah
membuat hewan transgenik (hewan yang gennya telah dimodifikasi) dan
teknologi induk buatan. Teknologi induk buatan sering dilakukan pada
hewan langka yang sulit bereproduksi secara alami. Embrio hewan ini
ditransplantasikan pada rahim spesies lain yang masih berkerabat. Dengan
cara ini diharapkan hewan langka tersebut terhindar dari ancaman
kepunahan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Penerapan prinsip bioteknologi dalam bidang peternakan antara lain sebagai berikut:<br />
<br />
<strong>a. Teknologi transplantasi nukleus</strong><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Teknologi ini lebih dikenal dengan teknologi kloning yaitu teknologi
yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan individu duplikasi (mirip dengan
induknya). Teknologi kloning telah berhasil dilakukan pada beberapa
jenis hewan. Salah satunya adalah pengkloningan domba yang dikenal
dengan domba Dolly. Melalui kloning hewan, beberapa organ manusia untuk
keperluan transplantasi penyembuhan suatu penyakit berhasil dibentuk.
Tahapan teknologi kloning adalah;</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<em><strong>1) Isolasi nukleus (inti sel) dari hewan donor.</strong></em><br />
Nukleus diisolasi dari sel putting susu domba dewasa dengan menggunakan
teknik khusus sehingga dapat dikeluarkan dari membrane sel<br />
<br />
<em><strong>2) Isolasi sel telur</strong></em><br />
Sel telur yang belum dibuahi diperoleh dari domba lain. Dibutuhkan
banyak sel telur dalam teknologi ini karena banyak sel telur yang tidak
mampu bertahan dalam tahapan pengkloningan lebih lanjut.<br />
<br />
<em><strong>3) Pengambilan nukleus dari sel telur</strong></em><br />
<br />
<em><strong>4) Penggabungan nukleus dengan sel telur</strong></em><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Nukleus yang telah diisolasi dari sel domba dewasa digabungkan ke
dalam sel domba lain yang telah dihilangkan nukleusnya. Secara genetic
sel domba yang menerima nukleus identik dengan domba pendonor.</div>
<br />
<em><strong>5) Pemasukan sel telur kedalam rahim</strong></em><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sel telur dimasukkan ke dalam rahim domba betina yang lain. Hanya
sedikit sel telur yang mampu bertahan dan berkembang di dalam rahim. Sel
telur yang mampu bertahan akan berkembang menjadi embrio dan
selanjutnya akan dihasilkan anak domba yang mirip dengan domba pendonor
nukleus</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<strong>b. Teknik Inseminasi Buatan</strong><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Teknik ini dikenal dengan nama kawin suntik, adalah suatu cara atau
teknik untuk memasukkan sperma yang telah dicairkan dan diproses
terlebih dahulu yang berasal dari ternak jantan ke dalam saluran alat
kelamin betina dengan menggunakan metode dan alat khusus yang disebut “
insemination gun”. Teknik inseminasi buatan memiliki beberapa tujuan,
yaitu:</div>
<ol>
<li>Memperbaiki mutu genetika ternak</li>
<li>Mengoptimalkan penggunaan bibit pejantan unggul secara lebih luas dalam jangka waktu yang lebih lama</li>
<li>Meningkatkan angka kelahiran dengan cepat dan teratur</li>
<li>Menyegah menularan dan penyebaran penyakit kelamin.</li>
</ol>
<strong>c. Transfer Embrio</strong><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Apabila kawin suntik memfokuskan pada sperma jantan, maka transfer
embrio tidak hanya potensi dari jantan saja yang dioptimalkan, melainkan
potensi betina berkualitas unggul juga dapat dimanfaatkan secara
optimal.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Teknik TE ini, betina unggul tidak perlu bunting tetapi hanya
berfungsi menghasilkan embrio yang untuk selanjutnya bisa ditransfer
pada induk titipan dengan kualitas yang tidak perlu bagus tetapi
memiliki kemampuan untuk bunting.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Embrio yang akan ditransfer ke resipien disimpan dalam foley kateter
dua jalur yang steril (tergantung ukuran serviks). Sebelum dilakukan
panen embrio, bagian vulva dan vagina dibersihkan dan disterilkan dengan
kapas yang mengandung alcohol 70%. Embrio yang didapat dapat langsung
di transfer ke dalam sapi resipien atau dibekukan untuk disimpan dan di
transfer pada waktu lain.</div>
<br />
<strong>d. Teknologi Transgenik</strong><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hewan transgenik adalah hewan yang telah mengalami rekayasa genetika
sehingga dihasilkan hewan dengan sifat yang diharapkan. Teknologi
transgenik pada hewan dilakukan dengan cara penyuntingan fragmen DNA
secara mikro ke dalam sel telur yang telah mengalami pembuahan. Tujuan
dari teknologi ini adalah meningkatkan produk dari hewan ternak seperti
daging susu, dan telur.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Contoh dari hewan yang mengalami teknologi ini adalah domba
transgenik. Jadi DNA domba ini disisipi dengan gen manusia yang disebut
factor VIII ( merupakan protein pembeku darah). Berkat penyusupan gen
tersebut, domba menghasilkan susu yang mengandung factor VIII yang dapat
dimurnikan untuk menolong penderita hemophilia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Rekayasa genetika juga dapat melestarikan spesies langka. Sebagai
contoh, sel telur zebra yang sudah dibuahi lalu ditanam dalam kuda
spesies lain. Spesies lain yang dipinjam rahimnya ini disebut surrogate.
Hal ini sudah diterapkan pada spesies keledai yang hamper punah di
Australia.</div>
<br />
Teknik pelestarian dengan rekaya genetika berguna, dengan alasan:<br />
1) Induk dari spesies biasa dapat melahirkan anak dari spesies langka.<br />
2) Telur hewan langkah yang sudah dibuahi dapat dibekukan, lalu disimpan
bertahun-tahun meskipun induknya sudah mati. Jika telah ditemukan
surrogate yang sesuai, telur tadi ditransplantasi.<br />
<br />
<strong>e. Hormon BST (Bovine Somatotrophin)</strong><br />
<br />
Dengan rekayasa genetika dihasilkan hormon pertumbuhan dewan yaitu BST. Caranya adalah:<br />
1) Plasmid bakteri E.Coli dipotong dengan enzim endonuklease<br />
2) Gen somatotropin sapi diisolasi dari sel sapi<br />
3) Gen somatotropin disisipkan ke plasmid bakteri<br />
4)Bakteri yang menghasilkan bovin somatotropin ditumbuhan dalam tangki fermentasi<br />
5) Bovine somatotropin diambil dari bakteri dan dimurnikan.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hormon ini dapat memicu pertumbuhan dan meningkatkan produksi susu.
BST ini mengontrol laktasi (pengeluaran susu) pada sapi dengan
meningkatkan jumlah sel-sel kelenjar susu. Jika hormon yang dibuat
dengan rekayasa genetika ini disuntuikkan pada hewan, maka produksi susu
akan meningkat 20%.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pemakaian BST telah disetujui oleh FDA (Food and Drug
Administration), lembaga pengawasan obat dan makanan di Amerika. Amerika
berpendapat nsusu yang dihasilkan karena hormon BST aman di konsumsi
tapi di Eropa hal ini dilarang karena penyakit mastitis pada hewan yang
diberikan hormon ini meningkat 70%.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Selain memproduksi susu, hormon ini dapat memperbesar ukuran ternak
menjadi 2 kali lipat ukuran normal. Caranya dengan menyuntik sel telur
yang akan dibuahi dengan hormon BST. Daging dari hewan yang diberi
hormon ini kurang mengandung lemak. Sehingga dikhawatirkan hormon ini
dapat mengganggu kesehatan manusia.</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-51521575070831347682015-05-01T03:26:00.000-07:002016-08-22T14:24:11.506-07:00Pemanfaatan Tanaman Sarang Semut sebagai Pakan Imbuhan Ayam Pedaging<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Palatino, Verdana, Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.2000007629395px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendans) merupakan tumbuhan khas yang terdapat di Pulau Kalimantan, dari hasil uji penapisan kimia, diketahui tanaman sarang semut mengandung senyawa kimia fenolik golongan flavonoid. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<img src="https://www.deherba.com/media/k2/items/cache/8da476f72f06a276b1f930cdb28c21f1_XL.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<img src="http://infosehatbugar.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/sarang-semut-papua.jpg" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Flavonoid merupakan antioksidan alam yang mampu bertindak sebagai pereduksi radikal hidroksil, superoksida dan radikal peroksil, selain itu juga mengandung tokoferol.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Fungsi lain zat aktif yang ada pada sarang semut adalah sebagai antibiotik, antimikroba serta imuno stimulan untuk menambah kekebalan tubuh.</span><span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Secara teknis zat imuno stimulan akan membantu dan melindungi sel-sel tubuh dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik.</span><span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px; text-align: left;">Bila sel berfungsi baik maka performa ayam termasuk produktivitasnya akan baik pula.</span><span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px; text-align: left;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Penelitian dilakukan dengan 40 ekor ayam pedaging strain Ross dibagi secara acak menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan dan 4 ulangan.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Palatino, Verdana, Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.2000007629395px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
Perlakuan tersebut yaitu:<br />
• T0 (ransum basal tanpa sarang semut (SS) sebagai kontrol),<br />
• T1 (ransum basal + 0,1% SS),<br />
• T2 (ransum basal + 0,2% SS),<br />
• T3 (ransum basal + 0,3% SS), dan<br />
• T4 (ransum basal + 0,4% SS).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Palatino, Verdana, Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.2000007629395px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Data dikumpulkan selama 35 hari pemeliharaan meliputi konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan (PBB), konversi pakan, bobot badan (BB) akhir, mortalitas, persentase karkas dan indeks performa (IP).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Palatino, Verdana, Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.2000007629395px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Data dianalisis dengan analisis varian berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dan dilanjutkan uji Duncan’s Multiple Range Test jika terdapat perbedaan.</span><span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tanaman sarang semut sampai 0,4% dalam ransum tidak mempengaruhi performa ayam, namun pada penambahan sarang semut sebesar 0,1% (T1) memberikan penampilan produksi berupa PBB, BB akhir, persentase karkas dan IP masing-masing 0,51; 0,44; 0,15; dan 3,09% lebih tinggi dari T0 (kontrol).</span></div>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Palatino, Verdana, Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.2000007629395px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Perlakuan T1 juga memiliki efisiensi pakan yang lebih baik dengan nilai FCR 2,43% lebih rendah dari kontrol.</span><span style="line-height: 16.2000007629395px;"> </span></div>
Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian sarang semut dalam ransum ayam pedaging sampai taraf 0,4% masih belum mampu meningkatkan performa ayam broiler.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h6 style="background-color: white;">
<em style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Palatino, Verdana, Times, serif; line-height: 16.2000007629395px;">Sumber: dicopy langsung dari PUSLITBANGNAK (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan <a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1969706777">Peternakan) </a></em><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 16.2000007629395px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Palatino, Verdana, Times, serif;"><i>http://peternakan.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47018:tanaman-sarang-semut-sebagai-kandidat-imbuhan-pakan-ayam-pedaging&catid=14:info-teknologi&Itemid=23<a href="http://adf.ly/1GOQPt">Pemanfaatan Tanaman Sarang Semut sebagai Pakan Imbuhan Ayam Pedaging</a></i></span></span></h6>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-54473742211666049072015-04-29T03:16:00.001-07:002016-08-22T14:24:11.512-07:00Laporan MRPT Kelinci<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.1 Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kelinci memiliki karakter selalu siaga pada lingkungan sekelilingnya dan akan bereaksi ageresif untuk menjauhi ancaman yang berada disekitarnya. Mereka mampu melakukan pengamatan terhadap lingkungan dengan jangkauan yang jauh. Sehingga kelinci merupakan hewan yang sangat aktif. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kelinci merupakan salah satu jenis ternak yang mudah dalam pemeliharaanya, di Indonesia terdapat berbagai jenis kelinci, namun sangat sulit mengetahui yang merupakan asal lokal karena banyaknya ternak kelinci yang di datang ke Indonesia. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan mengapa ternak kelinci tidak begitu populer di tengah masyarakat pada saat ini sehingga dalam perkembanganya ternak kelinci tidaki begitu berkembang dan kebanyakan ternak kelinci hanya digunakan untuk ternak hiasan atau untuk mainan. Indonesia sangat cocok untuk pengembangan ternak kelinci selain mudah dalam perawatannya dan tersedianya sumber makanan kelinci yang cuku</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">p juga </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">minat masyarakat yang mulai tumbuh terhadap ternak keinci.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kelinci adalah hewan mamalia dari famili Leporidae, yang dapat ditemukan di banyak bagian bumi. Dulunya, hewan ini adalah hewan liar yang hidup di Afrika hingga ke daratan Eropa. Pada perkembangannya, tahun 1912, kelinci diklasifikasikan dalam ordo Lagomorpha. Ordo ini dibedakan menjadi dua famili, yakni Ochtonidae (jenis pika yang pandai bersiul) dan Leporidae (termasuk di dalamnya jenis kelinci dan terwelu). Jenis-jenis kelinci Secara umum, kelinci terbagi menjadi dua jenis. Pertama, kelinci bebas. Kedua, kelinci peliharaan. Yang termasuk dalam kategori kelinci bebas adalah terwelu (Lepus curpaeums) dan kelinci liar (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Menurut rasnya, kelinci terbagi menjadi beberapa jenis, di antaranya Angora, Lyon, American Chinchilla, Dutch, English Spot, Himalayan, dan lain-lain. Di Indonesia banyak terdapat kelinci lokal, yakni jenis kelinci jawa (Lepus negricollis) dan kelici sumatera (Nesolagus netseherischlgel).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pada pemeliharan ternak untuk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">menentukan produktifitas ternak, dasar utama yang perlu diketahui adalah sifat reproduksi ternak tersebut. Untuk mendapatkan potensi reproduksi yang baik ada beberapa hal yang perlu di ketahui yaitu pemilihan bibit baik untuk jantan maupun betina, pada kelinci sehat mempunyai ciri-ciri telinga tegak dan bersih, otot paha tebal, mata bersinar dan bulat mulut dan hidung kering dan bersih ekor tegak dan kering juga anusnya kering, bulu punggung panjang dan halus, kuku pendek. Kelinci bibit harus mempunyai kriteria berat sesuai dengan umur dan jenissnya, bulu halus dan licin, mata bersinar, mempunyai catatan perkawinan dan kelahiran sehingga diketahui asal usulnya, bibit diambil dari induk-induk yang mempunyai produksi susu baik, litter size tinggi, pertumbuhannya cepat dan tahan terhadap penyakit, angka kematian anak rendah, berat lahir dan sapih yang tinggi, induk mempunyai sifat keibuan yang baik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.2 Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Untuk mengetahui produktivitas ternak kelinci yang kami pelihara terutama dalam hal litter size.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.3 Manfaat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Dapat mengetahui produktivitas ternak kelinci yang kami pelihara terutama dalam hal litter size.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-7189648964441874232015-04-21T09:08:00.002-07:002016-08-22T14:24:11.556-07:00UNSUR-UNSUR PENYULUHAN PPT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-6486882669143483642015-04-21T09:02:00.001-07:002016-08-22T14:24:11.540-07:00PERENCANAAN PROGRAM PENYULUHAN PPT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-24027751223802953342015-04-21T09:00:00.000-07:002016-08-22T14:24:11.428-07:00PENYULUHAN PETERNAKAN PPT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-11641737374620428212015-04-21T08:53:00.000-07:002016-08-22T14:24:11.411-07:00PENYULUHAN (PENDAHULUAN) PPT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-3821764221401093502015-04-16T14:41:00.000-07:002016-08-22T14:24:11.472-07:00laporan fister<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">LAPORAN
</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">PRAKTIKUM</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">FISIOLOGI
TERNAK</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">
DASAR</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PREPARAT
DARAH NATIF, WAKTU KOAGULASI, WAKTU PENDARAHAN DAN TEKANAN OSMOTIK</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 23.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Oleh<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">WIDIASTUTI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">D1B4
11 010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">JURUSAN PETERNAKAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS HALUOLEO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KENDARI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KATA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">
<b>PENGANTAR</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Puji syukur
kehadirat Allah SWT karena atas karunia-Nya lah yang telah memberikan kekuatan,
kesehatan dan lindungan dari hal-hal yang buruk sehingga penyusunan Laporan
Praktikum Fisiologi Ternak ini dapat terselesaikan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Laporan praktikum dengan judul “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Preparat
Darah Natif, Waktu Koagulasi, Waktu Pendarahan Dan Tekanan Osmotik” ini disusun sebagai hasil dari praktikum yang telah
dilaksanakan sebelumnya dan nantinya akan menjadi salah satu penilaian oleh
dosen pengajar serta bahan belajar untuk para mahasiswa lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusun
laporan praktikum ini menyadri bahwa masih ada kesalahan-kesalahan dalam
penyusunan laporan praktikum ini, oleh karena itu kritik dan saran yang
membangun sangat diperlukan untuk kesempurnaan laporan-laporan selanjutnnya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kendari, Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman Judul
.........................................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata Pengantar
........................................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Isi
...................................................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">iii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan......................................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang ..............................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dan Manfaat
......................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinjauan Pustaka
..............................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metodologi
Praktikum .....................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu dan Tempat
Pelaksanaan .................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan
.............................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Kerja
..............................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil dan
Pembahasan .....................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup
.............................................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan.....................................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran ..............................................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Darah
merupakan jaringan yang berbentuk cairan yang mengalir ke seluruh tubuh melalui
vena dan arteri yang memasok oksigen, dan bahan makanan ke seluruh jaringan
tubuh serta mengambil karbondioksida dan sisa metabolisme dari jaringan. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Darah memiliki dua komponen penyusun yaitu plasma dan sel darah. Plasma
darah merupakan bagian dari komponen darah yang berwarna kekuning-kuningan yang
jumlahnya sekitar 60% dari volume darah, sedangkan sel darah adalah komponen
selluler dari darah termasuk sel darah merah (eritrosit), sel darah putih
(leukosit) dan keping-keping darah (trombosit).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Volume darah di
dalam tubuh sekitar sepertiga belas berat badan orang sehat, atau kurang lebih
4 – 5 liter. Bila cairan darah terlalu banyak atau terlalu sedikit, maka tubuh
sendiri akan mengatur sekresi melalui keringat dan kencing atau urine sehingga
kadar larutan dalam darah tetap dan tekanan osmosis dalam darahpun juga tetap. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Darah
mempunyai bebarapa fungsi yang penting untuk tubuh. Darah mengangkut zat-zat
makanan dari alat pencernaan ke jaringan tubuh, hasil limbah metbolisme dari
jaringan tubuh ke ginjal, dan hormon dari kelenjar endokrin ke target organ
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi utama
dari darah adalah sebagai media transport yaitu mengangkut oksigen ke jaringan
dan mengembalikan karbondioksida dari jaringan ke paru-paru, untuk mencapai gas
ini sel darah mengandung protein khusus yaitu hemoglobin karena sewtiap sel
darah merah mengandung sekitar 640 juta molekul hemoglobulin, selain itu darah
juga berfungsi sebagai regulasi dan pertahanan tubuh, yaitu mencegah dari
pendarahan dan pertahanan tubuh dari penyakit. Atas dasar inilah dilakukan
praktikum mengenai darah I untuk mengetahui bentuk dan sifat-sifat darah
diantaranya preparat darah natif, waktu koagulasi dan pendarahan, serta laju
endap darah. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan uraian diatas maka
dianggap perlu dilakukan praktikum mengenai fisiologi tubuh seperti preparat
darah natif, penentuan waktu koagulasi, penentuan waktu pendarahan dan tekanan
osmotik darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Demikian hal-hal yang melatar
belakangi pelaksanaan praktikum fisiologi tubuh seperti preparat darah natif,
penentuan waktu koagulasi, penentuan waktu pendarahan dan tekanan osmotik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan dan Manfaat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tujuan
yang ingin dicapai dari pelaksanaan praktikum ini adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui
bentuk-bentuk sel darah dan keping-keping darah (trombosit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengatahui lama waktu keluarnya darah pertama sampai terbentuknya benang-benang
fibrin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui lama waktu darah berhenti keluar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui
hal-hal yang terjadi jika darah dicampur dengan larutan kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 1.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Manfaat yang dapat diperoleh dari
pelaksanaan praktikum ini dapat menjadi sumber bacaan mengenai proses fisiologis
dalam tubuh seperti preparat darah natif, waktu pendarahan, waktu koagulasi
darah, dan tekanan osmotik darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Darah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Darah memiliki dua komponen penyusun yaitu plasma dan sel
darah. Plasma darah merupakan bagian dari komponen darah yang berwarna
kekuning-kuningan yang jumlahnya sekitar 60% dari volume darah, sedangkan sel
darah adalah komponen selluler dari darah termasuk sel darah merah (eritrosit),
sel darah putih (Leukosit) dan keping-keping darah (trombosit).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Darah merupakan jaringan yang berbentuk cairan yang mengalir ke seluruh tubuh
melalui vena dan arteri yang memasok oksigen, dan bahan makanan ke seluruh
jaringan tubuh serta mengambil karbondioksida dan sisa metabolisme dari
jaringan (Anonim, 2009), <i>dalam </i>(Rahman,
S. 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Fungsi darah pada tubuh manusia
ataupun ternak adalah sebagai alat pengangkut air dan menyebarkannya ke seluruh
tubuh, sebagai alat pengangkut oksigen dan akan menyebarkannya ke seluruh
tubuh, mengangkut hasil oksidasi untuk dibuang melalui alat ekskresi,
mengangkut getah hormone dari kelenjar bungtu atau endokrin, menjaga suhu
temperature tubuh, mencegah infeksi dengan sel darah putih, antibody, dan sel
darah beku, serta mengatur keseimbangan asaam basa dalam tubuh. darah berfungsi
untuk mentransfor asam amino, asam lemak, mineral, dan bahan-bahan nutrisi
lainnya darah juga mentransfor hormone dan vitamin kesel untuk mengatur proses
metabolisme dalam sel. Melalui pertukaran ion-ion dan molekul pada cairan
interstitial, darah membantu mempertahankan pH dan konsentrasi elktrolit pada
cairan interstitial dalam batas-batas yang dibutuhkan untuk fungsi sel yang
normal (Rahman, S. 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Darah terdiri daripada beberapa
jenis korpuskula yang membentuk 45% bagian dari darah. Bagian 55% yang lain
berupa cairan kekuningan yang membentuk medium cairan darah yang disebut plasma
darah. Korpuskula darah terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah merah atau
eritrosit (sekitar 99%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
1. Sel darah merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah putih atau
leukosit (0,2%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
2. Sel darah putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plasma darah : Pada
dasarnya adalah larutan air yang mengandung : albumin, bahan pembeku darah,
immunoglobin (antibodi), hormon, berbagai jenis protein, berbagai jenis garam
(Wikipedia, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 3. Plasma darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-21857104592293013962015-03-02T15:38:00.003-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.425-07:00Pengukuran Tekanan Darah secara Tidak Langsung<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah
darah didalam tubuh, sekurang-kurangnya adalah 7% dari berat badan dari segala
keseluruhan. Tekanan darah dapat diartikan sebagai tekanan terhadap dinding
pembuluh. Tekanan awal yang dihasilkan oleh konsentrasi ventrikel jantung dan
merupakan tekanan sistolik. Darah didorong masuk kedalam arteri besar yang
bersifat elastis, merenggangkan dindingnya dan karena dindingnya mengalami
dilatasi. Ketika ventrikel berada dalam keadaan relaks, tertutupnya katup-katup
semilunar mencegah baliknya darah dari arteri ke jantung dan ateriol-ateriol
kecil akan meneruskan aliran ke kapiler. Tekanan yang ditimbulkan oleh dinding
arteri yang elastis itu digunakan untuk mempertahankan tekanan (tekanan
diastolik) didalam arteri dan akan tetap mengalir darah dengan lancar kedalam
kapiler, pada saat ventrikel sedang relaks (Frandson,1993). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor
yang mempertahankan tekanan darah antara lain kekuatan memompa jantung,
banyaknya darah yang beredar, viskositas (kekentalan) darah, elastisitas
pembuluh darah dan tahanan tepi (Evelyn, 1995). Menurut Poedjiadi (1994), <i>diastole</i>
jantung terjadi selama pengisian bilik, hal ini dapat terjadi pada kedua bilik
kanan dan kiri atau <i>diastole</i> ventricular kanan atau kiri. <i>Sistole</i>
menunjukkan kontraksi bilik jantung dalam proses pengosongan parsial bilik
tersebut. Sehingga terjadi <i>sistole</i> atrial kanan atau kiri maupun <i>sistole</i>
<i>ventricular </i>kanan atau kiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi dan Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Alat yang
digunakan pada praktikum pengukuran tekanan darah secara tidak langsung antara
lain spygnomanometer, stetoskop, arloji (stopwatch), dan probandus (manusia).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manset spynomanometer dililitkan pada
lengan atas subyek di atas persendian siku. Manset dipasang lebih kurang
setinggi jantung. Lengan subyek yang diperikasa harus diletakkan dengan baik
dengan siku hampir lurus. Udara dipompakan ke dalam manset dampai kira-kira
180mmHg. Kemudian tekanan diturunkan perlahan-lahan, darah yang mengalir
melalui pembuluh darah yang terjepit dan dindingnya hampir tertutup itu akan
menimbulkan getaran-getaran pada dinding pembuluh, ini dapat terdengar melalui
stetoskop yang terpasang pada arteri abrasialis di daerah fosa antekubital.
Desiran-desiran mula-mula akan terdengar jika tekanan udara kantong manset
mulai lebih rendah dari tekanan sistole (desiran korotkoff). Pada waktu aliran
sudah menajdi kontinu, maka desiran terdengar dengan jelas dan sama sekali akan
hilang jika tekanan dalam amnset lebih kecil dari tekanan diastole, dengan cara
ini orang dapat membedakan tekanan sistole dan diastole.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil dan Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 6.3. Hasil Pengukuran Tekanan Darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 879px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 15.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 398.25pt;" width="531">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Probandus
Umur Jenis Kelamin Sistole (mmHg)
Diastole (mmHg)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 42.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 42.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 398.25pt;" width="531">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sujiyanto
18
Laki-laki
110
80</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dita
A.D
19
Perempuan
110
90</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilakukan,
tekanan darah sistole probandus laki-laki berumur 19 tahun adalah 110 mmHg dan
diastole 80 mmHg. Tekanan darah sistole probandus perempuan berumur 19 tahun
adalah 110 mmHg dan diastole 90 mmHg. Tekanan darah normal manusia adalah 120
mmHg untuk sistole dan 80 mmHg untuk diastole.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Sherwood (2002), siklus jantung
terdiri dari periode sistol (kontraksi dan pengosongan isi) dan diastole
(relaksasi dan pengisian jantung). Atrium dan ventrikel mengalami siklus sistol
dan diastole yang terpisah. Kontraksi terjadi akibat penyebaran eksitasi ke
seluruh jantung, sedangkan relaksasi timbul satelah repolarisasi otot jantung.
Selama diastole ventrikel dini, atrium juga masih berada dalam keadaan
diastole. Karena aliran darah masuk secara kontinu dari sistem vena ke dalam
atrium, tekanan atrium sedikit melebihi tekanan ventrikel walaupun kedua bilik
tersebut melemas. Karena perbedaan tekanan ini, katup AV terbuka, dan darah
mengalir mengalir langsung dari atrium ke dalam ventrikel selama diastole
ventrikel. Akibatnya, volume ventrikel perlahan-lahan meningkat bahkan sebelum
atrium berkontraksi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada akhir diastol ventrikel, nodus SA
mencapai ambang dan membentuk potensial aksi. Impuls menyebar keseluruh atrium.
Depolarisasi atrium menimbulkan kontraksi atrium, yang memeras lebih banyak
darah ke dalam ventrikel, sehingga terjadi peningkatan kurva tekanan atrium.
Peningkatan tekanan ventrikel yang menyertai berlangsung bersamaan dengan
peningkatan tekanan atrium disebabkan oleh penambahan volume darah ke ventrikel
oleh kontraksi atrium. Selama kontraksi atrium, tekanan atrium tetap sedikit
lebih tinggi daripada tekanan ventrikel, sehingga katup AV tetap terbuka.
Diastol ventrikel berakhir pada awal kontraksi ventrikel. Pada saat ini,
kontraksi atrium dan pengisian ventrikel telah selesai (Sherwood, 2002). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Sherwood (2002), volume darah
di ventrikel pada akhir diastol dikenal sebagai volume diastolik akhir (end
diastolic volume atau EDV), yang besarnya sekitar 135 ml. Selama siklus ini
tidak ada lagi darah yang ditambahkan ke ventrikel. Dengan demikian, volume
diastolik akhir adalah jumlah darah maksimum yang akan dikandung ventrikel
selama siklus ini. Setelah eksitasi atrium, impuls berjalan melalui nodus AV
dan sistem penghantar khusus untuk merangsang ventrikel. Secara simultan,
terjadi kontraksi atrium. Pada saat pengaktifan ventrikel terjadi, kontraksi
atrium telah selesai. Ketika kontraksi ventrikel dimulai, tekanan ventrikel
segera melebihi tekanan atrium. Perbedaan yang terbalik ini mendorong katup AV
ini menutup. Setelah tekanan ventrikel melebihi tekanan atrium dan katup AV
telah tertutup,tekanan ventrikel harus terus meningkat sebelum tekanan tersebut
dapat melebihi tekanan aorta. Dengan demikian, terdapat periode waktu singkat
antara penutupan katup AV dan pembukaan katup aorta pada saat ventrikel menjadi
bilik tertutup. Karena semua katup tertutup, tidak ada darah yang masuk atau
keluar ventrikel selama waktu ini. Interval waktu ini disebut sebagai kontraksi
ventrikel isovolumetrik (isovolumetric berarti volume dan panjang konstan).
Karena tidak ada darah yang masuk atau keluar ventrikel, volume bilik ventrikel
tetap dan panjang serat-serat otot juga tetap. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selama periode kontraksi ventrikel
isovolumetrik, tekanan ventrikel terus meningkat karena volume tetap. Pada saat
tekanan ventrikel melebihi tekanan aorta, katup aorta dipaksa membuka dan
darah mulai menyemprot. Kurva tekanan aorta meningkat darah dipaksa berpindah
dari ventrikel ke dalam aorta lebih cepat daripada darah mengalir pembuluh-pembuluh
yang lebih kecil. Volume ventrikel berkurang secara drastis sewaktu darah
dengan cepat dipompa keluar. Sistol ventrikel mencakup periode kontraksi
isovolumetrik dan fase ejeksi (penyemprotan) ventrikel. Ventrikel tidak
mengosongkan diri secara sempurna selam penyemprotan. Dalam keadaan normal
hanya sekitar separuh dari jumlah darah yang terkandung di dalam ventrikel pada
akhir diastol dipompa keluar selama sistol. Jumlah darah yang tersisa di
ventrikel pada akhir sistol ketika fase ejeksi usai disebut volume sistolik
akhir (end sistolik volume atau ESV), yang jumlah besarnya sekitar 65 ml. Ini
adalah jumlah darah paling sedikit yang terdapat di dalam ventrikel selama
siklus ini (Sherwood, 2002). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah darah yang dipompa keluar dari
setiap ventrikel pada setiap kontraksi dikenal sebagai volume sekuncup (stroke
volume atau SV), SV setara dengan volume diastolik akhir dikurangi volume
sistolik akhir; dengan kata lain perbedaan antara volume darah di ventrikel
sebelum kontraksi dan setelah kontraksi adalah jumlah darah yang disemprotkan
selama kontraksi. Ketika ventrikel mulai berelaksasi karena repolarisasi,
tekanan ventrikel turun dibawah tekanan aorta dan katup aorta menutup.
Penutupan katup aorta menimbulkan gangguan atau takik pada kurva tekanan aorta yang
dikenal sebagai takik dikrotik (dikrotik notch). Tidak ada lagi darah yang
keluar dari ventrikel selama siklus ini karena katup aorta telah tertutup.
Namun katup AV belum terbuka karena tekanan ventrikel masih lebih tinggi dari
daripada tekanan atrium. Dengan demikian semua katup sekali lagi tertutup dalam
waktu singkat yang disebut relaksasi ventrikel isovolumetrik. Panjang serat
otot dan volume bilik tidak berubah. Tidak ada darah yang masuk atau keluar
seiring dengan relaksasi ventrikel dan tekanan terus turun. Ketika tekanan
ventrikel turun dibawah tekanan atrium, katup AV membuka dan pengisian
ventrikel terjadi kembali. Diastol ventrikel mencakup periode ralaksasi
isovolumetrik dan fase pengisian ventrikel (Sherwood, 2002).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Repolarisasi atrium dan depolarisasi
ventrikel terjadi secara bersamaan, sehingga atrium berada dalam diastol
sepanjang sistol ventrikel. Darah terus mengalir dari vena pulmonalis ke dalam
atrium kiri. Karena darah yang masuk ini terkumpul dalam atrium, tekanan atrium
terus meningkat. Ketika katup AV terbuka pada akhir sisi ventrikel, darah yang
terkumpul di atrium selama sistol ventrikel dengan cepat mengalir ke ventrikel.
Dengan demikian, mula-mula pengisian ventrikel berlangsung cepat karena
peningkatan tekanan atrium akibat penimbunan darah di atrium. Kemudian
pengisian ventrikel melambat karena darah yang tertimbun tersebut telah
disalurkan ke ventrikel, dan tekanan atrium mulai turun. Selama periode
penurunan pengisian ini, darah terus mengalir dari vena-vena pulmonalis ke dalam
atrium kiri dan melalui katup AV yang terbuka ke dalam ventrikel kiri. Selama
diastol ventrikel tahap akhir, sewaktu pengisian ventrikel berlangsung lambat,
nodus SA kembali mengeluarkan potensial aksi dan siklus jantung dimulai kembali
(Sherwood L, 2002). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<img align="left" height="233" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="343" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><img height="27" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="166" /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 6.1.Siklus denyut jantung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Sherwood (2002), kelainan pada
sistem peredaran darah yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arteriosklerosis,
yaitu pengerasan pembuluh nadi karena endapan lemak berbentuk plak (kerak)
yaitu jaringan ikat berserat dan sel-sel otot polos yang di infiltrasi oleh
lipid (lemak).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ambolus, yaitu
tersumbatnya pembuluh darah karena benda yang bergerak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anemia atau
biasa disebut penyakit kurang darah, yaitu rendahnya kadar hemoglobin dalam
darah atau berkurangnya jumlah eritrosit dalam darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Varises, yaitu
pelebaran pembuluh darah di betis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trombus, yaitu
tersumbatnya pembuluh darah karena benda yang tidak bergerak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hemofili, yaitu
kelainan darah yang menyebabkan darah sukar membeku (diturunkan secara
hereditas).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leukemia
(kanker darah), yaitu peningkatan jumlah eritrosit secara tidak terkendali.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Erithroblastosis
fetalis, yaitu rusaknya eritrosit bayi/janin akibat aglutinasi dari antibodi
yang berasal dari ibu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thalasemia,
yaitu anemia yang diakibatkan oleh rusaknya gen pembentuk hemoglobin yang
bersifat menurun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi atau
tekanan darah tinggi terjadi akibat arteriosklerosis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hemeroid
(ambeien), yaitu pelebaran pembuluh darah di sekitar dubur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jantung
koroner, yaitu penyakit yang menyerang pembuluh darah dan bisa menyebabkan
serangan jantung. Hal ini diakibatkan oleh pembuluh arteri yang tersumbat
sehingga menghambat penyaluran oksigen dan nutrisi ke jantung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<img align="left" height="250" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="207" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Gambar 6.2. Sistem kardiovaskuler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilakukan, tekanan darah probandus dalam
kondisi normal, yaitu 110 mmHg pada sistole dan 80 mmHg pada diastole
(laki-laki), 110 mmHg pada sistole dan 90 mmHg pada diastole (perempuan),
karena tekanan darah normal pada kisaran 120 mmHg pada sistole dan 80 mmHg pada
diastole.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-6229818855735194382015-03-02T15:34:00.002-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.534-07:00Kadar Hemoglobin dalam Darah (Metode Sahli)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Haemoglobin
(Hb) tersusun atas protein globular. Tiap rantai Hb terdiri atas empat rantai
polipeptida, rantai ini terdiri dari dua rantai alfa. Tiap rantai mengandung
141 asam amino, sedangkan pada rantai beta tiap rantainya mengandung asam amino
sebanyak 146 (Kimball, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
jumlah Hb atau sel darah merah yang fungsional berkurang jauh di bawah normal
maka akan terjadi anemia. Penyebab anemia antara lain defisiensi zat besi, Ca,
vitamin dan asam amino dalam makanan, dan gizi makanan kurang (Dukes, 1993).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan
haemoglobin disebut</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i><span lang="IN">p</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">olicitaemia.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Penyebabnya karena</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kelebihan o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lahraga</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orang yang tinggal di daerah tinggi.
<i>Policitaemi</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
mengakibatkan naiknya <i>viscositas</i> darah, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ter</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kadang sampai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lima</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kali lipat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memberatkan kerja jantung. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di dalam d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arah mamalia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">haemoglobin </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bertanggung
jawab terhadap semua proses pengangkutan oksigen dalam darah dengan presentasi
sel darah merah meningkat sekitar 20 ml oksigen per 100 ml darah (Poedjiadi,
1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap
atom Fe (ada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">empat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Fe) pada haeme dapat mengikat oksigen secara reversabel. Hb teroksigenasi atau
disebut HbO<sub>2</sub> (oksi Hb) mengandung </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">empat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mol oksigen, Hb juga dapat
berikatan dengan karbondioksida pada gugus asam aminonya membentuk karbomino
(Hb CO<sub>2</sub>), juga dengan Na membentuk Hb. Met Hb dapat diproduksi
menjadi Hb oleh dithionit (Na<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). Met Hb
dapat beraksi dengan anion pada pH basa dan pada pH asam (Nurcahyo, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi dan Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Alat yang
digunakan pada praktikum kadar hemoglobin dalam darah antara lain <i>hemoglobinometer
Sahli</i> dan kapas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bahan yang
digunakan dalam praktikum kadar hemoglobin dalam darah adalah HCl 0,1 N,
aquadestilata, sampel darah ternak, dan alkohol 70%.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung Sahli diisi dengan HCl 0,1 N
sampai angka 10. Sampel darah disiapkan dan darah dihisap secara perlahan-lahan
dengan menggunakan pipet Sahli dengan aspioratornya sampai batas 0,02 ml. Ujung
pipet dibersihkan dan segera dimasukkan ke dalam tabung Sahli. Tabung Sahli
diletakkan antara kedua bagian standar warna dalam hemoglobinometer. Dibiarkan
selama 3 menit sampai terbentuk asam hematin. Dengan menggunakan pipet tetes,
aquadestilata ditambahkan ke dalam tabung setetes demi setetes sambil diaduk
sampai warna sama dengan warna standar. Tinggi permukaan cairan pada tabung
Sahli dibaca dengan melihat skala jalur 95%, yang berarti banyaknya hemoglobin
dalam gram per 100 ml darah. Jalur skala lainnya pada tabung Sahli, kalau ada
penunjukkan hemoglobin terhadap nilai hemoglobin normal 15,6% atau nilai normal
lainnya yang tertera pada alat <i>hemoglobinometer.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil dan Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Absolute </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hb<i>
Consentration
</i> : 16,2
g/ml</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhitungan
kadar
Hb
: 109,2 g/100ml</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada praktikum pengukuran kadar hemoglobin
dalam darah digunakan metode Sahli. Keuntungan metode Sahli jika dibandingakan
dengan metode <i>cyanomethemoglobin</i> adalah metode Sahli lebih mudah dan
murah, alat yang digunakan sederhana, dan masih dapat digunakan di sarana
kesehatan yang belum terdapat fotokalorimeter. Namun, hasil yang diperoleh jika
menggunakan metode <i>cyanomethemoglobin</i> akan lebih teliti daripada
menggunakan metode Sahli. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
hasil percobaan terhadap sampel darah ternak yaitu darah domba, diperoleh hasil
Absolute Hb consentration adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 16,2 g/dl dan perhitungan kadar Hb sebesar 109,2
g/100ml. Menurut Frandson (1993), k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adar
hemoglobin normal pada domba sekitar 11-13 g/100 ml</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Jadi, kadar
hemoglobin sampel darah ternak (darah domba) tidak sesuai dengan kadar
hemoglobin normal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Poedjiadi (1994), kadar Hb
normal pada manusia dewasa laki-laki 13,5 sampai 18,0 g/dl, perempuan 11,5
sampai 16,5 g/dl (pada ibu hamil 11,0 sampai 16,5 g/dl), bayi 13,6 sampai 19,6
g/dl, bayi 3 bulan 9,5 sampai 12,5 g/dl, balita satu tahun 11,0 sampai 13,8
g/dl, anak 10 sampai 12 tahun 11,5 sampai 14,8 g/dl. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada darah mamalia <i>haemoglobin </i>bertanggung
jawab terhadap semua proses pengangkutan oksigen dalam darah dengan presentasi
sel darah merah meningkat sekitar 20 ml oksigen per 100 ml darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
hasil percobaan dengan menggunakan sampel darah kambing dapat diketahui bahwa
kadar hemoglobin yang terdapat dalam darah probandus yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 109,2 g/100ml.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dukes,
H.N. 1993. <i>The Physiology of Domestic Animal</i>. Ne</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">w </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">York</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">University College.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kimball,
J.W. 1998. <i>Biologi</i>. Edisi IV. Jilid 1. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Erlangga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nurcahyo, Heru. 1998. <i>Anatomi Fisiologi Hewan</i>.
Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi UNY. Yogyakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poedjiadi,
Anna. 1994. <i>Dasar – dasar Biokimia. </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Universitas Indonesia Press</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-12980950237366683832015-03-02T15:32:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.414-07:00laporan Pembekuan Darah (Koagulasi Darah)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oagulasi darah menurut Morowitz</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah sebagai berikut terjadi
kontak pada pembuluh darah sehingga rusak atau pecah. Jaringan yang robek ini
menyebabkan trombosit pecah dan membebaskan tromboplastin dengan bantuan ion Ca
akan mengaktifkan protrombin menjadi trombin. Trombin akan mempengaruhi
fibrinogen menjadi anyaman benang-benang fibrin sehingga akan menutup jaringan
yang rusak dan darah akan terperangkap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
alamiah, trombin juga tidak ada dalam darah dalam bentuknya yang aktif atau
wujud koagulasi (gumpalan) dalam sirkulasi yang normal. Trombin mempunyai
bentuk prekursor di dalam darah yang disebut protrombin. Selama proses
koagulasi protrombin dirangsang oleh suatu kompleks yang disebut aktivator
protrombin yang memecah atau memisahkan enzim trombin dari protrombin. Waktu
koagulasi adalah lamanya waktu dari saat pengambilan darah sampai terjadinya
koagulasi (Frandson, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Koagulasi darah adalah suatu fungsi penting dari darah untuk mencegah banyaknya
darah yang hilang dari pembuluh darah yang rusak (terluka). Bagian dari darah
yang sangat berperan dalam proses koagulasi adalah trombosit atau keping darah.
Trombosit berasal dari sistem sel di sumsum tulang yaitu mengakarosit yang berkembang
menjadi trombosit (Nurcahyo, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
faktor dalam pembekuan darah meliputi ion Ca<sup>2+</sup>, tromboplastin,
akselator trombosit, konvertin, faktor anti hemofilik. Pembekuan atau
penggumpalan darah disebut juga koagulasi darah. Dari situ akan terjadi suatu
masa yang menyerupai jeli yang kemudian menjadi massa yang memadat dengan
meninggalkan cairan jernih disebut serum (Poedjiadi, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Alat yang
digunakan pada praktikum waktu pendarahan antara lain lanset, arloji
(stopwatch), kertas filter, dan kapas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bahan yang
digunakan pada praktikum waktu pendarahan adalah alkohol 70%.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jari tempat pengambilan darah
dibersihkan, kemudian diusap dengan kapas beralkohol. Jari ditusuk dengan
lanset yang steril, dan dicatat pada saat darah keluar. Satu sampai dua tetes
darah dengan cepat dipindahkan ke dalam gelas arloji. Dengan menggunakan kepala
jarum pentul, ke dalam darah ditusukkan kemudian diangkat. Dilakukan setiap 30
detik sampai ada benang fibrin terlihat dan dicatat waktunya. Waktu mulai darah
keluar dan pembuluh darah sampai terbentuknya benang fibrin disebut dengan
waktu beku darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil dan Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 6.2. Hasil Pengukuran Waktu Beku Darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama
Probandus Umur Jenis
Kelamin
Waktu Pendarahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 38.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 392.95pt;" width="524">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imran
Satriadi
18
Laki-laki
7 Menit 43 Detik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resti
19
Perempuan
9 Menit 6 Detik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan praktikum pembekuan darah
yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh hasil waktu beku darah probandus laki-laki
berumur 18 tahun adalah 7 menit 43 detik dan waktu beku darah probandus
perempuan berumur 19 tahun adalah 9 menit 6 detik. U</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mumnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> koagulasi berakhir dalam waktu 5
menit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sehingga dapat dinyatakan tidak
terserang defisiensi vitamin K, penyebabnya adalah rendahnya penyerapan lemak
dari dalam usus. Koagulasi juga dipengaruhi oleh cara atau teknik pengambilan
darah sehingga di dapat variasi dalam waktu beku darah (Frandson, 1993).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poedjiadi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1994</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), mekanisme
pembekuan darah yaitu pertama, jaringan mengalami cedera, trombosit yang
mengalami lisis kemudian terjadi pelepasan prekursor tromboplastin bereaksi
dengan faktor antihemofilik (plasma) dengan komponen tromboplastin membentuk
tromboplastin. Kedua, Prokonvertin diubah menjadi konvertin oleh ion Ca.
Ketiga, protrombin dengan bantuan ion Ca, konvertin, dan tromboplastin akan
diubah menjadi trombin. Keempat, akselerator globulin plasma in-aktif
diaktifkan menjadi akselerator globulin serum aktif oleh trombin. Kelima,
protrombin diubah menjadi trombin. Terakhir, fibrinogen diubah menjadi fibrin
dengan bantuan trombin.<b> </b>Hemoglobin(Hb) terdapat di dalam sel darah merah
dan memiliki fungsi dalam pengangkutan O<sub>2</sub>. Kadar hemoglobin di dalam
darah dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain umur, pakan, dan kondisi
kesehatan ternak. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembekuan darah antara lain :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fibrinogen: sebuah faktor koagulasi
yang tinggi berat molekul protein plasma dan diubah menjadi fibrin melalui aksi
trombin. Kekurangan faktor ini menyebabkan masalah pembekuan darah <i>afibrinogenemia</i>
atau <i>hypofibrinogenemia</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor II</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prothrombin: sebuah faktor koagulasi
yang merupakan protein plasma dan diubah menjadi bentuk aktif trombin (faktor
IIa) oleh pembelahan dengan mengaktifkan faktor X (Xa) di jalur umum dari
pembekuan. Fibrinogen trombin kemudian memotong ke bentuk aktif fibrin.
Kekurangan faktor menyebabkan <i>hypoprothrombinemia</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor III</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan Tromboplastin: koagulasi
faktor yang berasal dari beberapa sumber yang berbeda dalam tubuh, seperti otak
dan paru-paru; Jaringan Tromboplastin penting dalam pembentukan prothrombin
ekstrinsik yang mengkonversi prinsip di Jalur koagulasi ekstrinsik. Disebut
juga faktor jaringan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor IV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalsium: sebuah faktor koagulasi
diperlukan dalam berbagai fase pembekuan darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor V</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proaccelerin: sebuah faktor koagulasi
penyimpanan yang relatif labil dan panas, yang hadir dalam plasma, tetapi tidak
dalam serum, dan fungsi baik di intrinsik dan ekstrinsik koagulasi jalur.
Proaccelerin mengkatalisis pembelahan protrombin trombin yang aktif. Kekurangan
faktor ini, sifat resesif autosomal, mengarah pada kecenderungan berdarah yang
langka yang disebut parahemophilia, dengan berbagai derajat keparahan. Disebut
juga akselerator globulin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor VI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah faktor koagulasi sebelumnya
dianggap suatu bentuk aktif faktor V, tetapi tidak lagi dianggap dalam skema
hemostasis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">7.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor VII</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prokonvertin: sebuah faktor koagulasi
penyimpanan yang relatif stabil dan panas dan berpartisipasi dalam Jalur
koagulasi ekstrinsik. Hal ini diaktifkan oleh kontak dengan kalsium, dan
bersama dengan mengaktifkan faktor III itu faktor X. Defisiensi faktor
prokonvertin, yang mungkin herediter (autosomal resesif) atau diperoleh (yang
berhubungan dengan kekurangan vitamin K), hasil dalam kecenderungan perdarahan.
Disebut juga serum protrombin konversi faktor akselerator dan stabil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">8.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor VIII</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antihemophilic faktor, sebuah faktor koagulasi
penyimpanan yang relatif labil dan berpartisipasi dalam jalur intrinsik dari
koagulasi, bertindak (dalam konser dengan faktor von Willebrand) sebagai
kofaktor dalam aktivasi faktor X. Defisiensi, sebuah resesif terkait-X sifat,
penyebab hemofilia A. Disebut juga antihemophilic globulin dan faktor
antihemophilic A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">9.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor IX</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tromboplastin Plasma komponen, sebuah
faktor koagulasi penyimpanan yang relatif stabil dan terlibat dalam jalur
intrinsik dari pembekuan. Setelah aktivasi, diaktifkan Defisiensi faktor X.
hasil di hemofilia B. Disebut juga faktor Natal dan faktor antihemophilic B.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">10.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor X</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stuart faktor, sebuah faktor koagulasi
penyimpanan yang relatif stabil dan berpartisipasi dalam baik intrinsik dan
ekstrinsik jalur koagulasi, menyatukan mereka untuk memulai jalur umum dari
pembekuan. Setelah diaktifkan, membentuk kompleks dengan kalsium, fosfolipid,
dan faktor V, yang disebut prothrombinase; hal ini dapat membelah dan
mengaktifkan prothrombin untuk trombin. Kekurangan faktor ini dapat menyebabkan
gangguan koagulasi sistemik, disebut juga <i>Prower Stuart</i>-faktor. Bentuk
yang diaktifkan disebut juga thrombokinase.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">11.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor XI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tromboplastin plasma yg di atas, faktor
koagulasi yang stabil yang terlibat dalam jalur intrinsik dari koagulasi; sekali
diaktifkan, itu mengaktifkan faktor IX. Lihat juga kekurangan faktor XI.
Disebut juga faktor antihemophilic C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">12.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor XII</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hageman faktor: faktor koagulasi yang
stabil yang diaktifkan oleh kontak dengan kaca atau permukaan asing lainnya dan
memulai jalur intrinsik dari koagulasi dengan mengaktifkan faktor XI.
Kekurangan faktor ini menghasilkan kecenderungan trombosis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">13.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor XIII</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fibrin-faktor yang menstabilkan, sebuah
faktor koagulasi yang merubah fibrin monomer untuk polimer sehingga mereka menjadi
stabil dan tidak larut dalam urea, fibrin yang memungkinkan untuk membentuk
pembekuan darah. Kekurangan faktor ini memberikan kecenderungan seseorang
hemorrhagic. Disebut juga fibrinase dan protransglutaminase. Bentuk yang
diaktifkan juga disebut transglutaminase.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh hasil waktu beku darah
pada probandus laki-laki yaitu 7 menit 43 detik, dan pada probandus perempuan
yaitu 9 menit 6 detik. Hasil tersebut jauh dari kisaran normal, yaitu sekitar 5
menit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frandson,
R. D. 1992. <i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Edisi
Keempat. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yogyakarta : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gadjah Mada University Press.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frandson,
R. D. 1993. <i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak Edisi Keempat</i>. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yogyakarta : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gadjah Mada University Press.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nurcahyo,
Heru. 1998. <i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi Hewan</i>. Yogyakarta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : UNY.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poedjiadi,
Anna. 1994. <i>Dasar – dasar Biokimia</i>. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Universitas Indonesia Press.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-67903408954014510652015-03-02T15:29:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.545-07:00laporan fister (Acara VI)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ACARA VI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DARAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu Pendarahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Darah adalah cairan yang terdapat pada
semua makhluk hidup (kecuali tumbuhan) tingkat tinggi yang berfungsi
mengirimkan zat-zat dan oksigen yang dibutuhkan oleh jaringan tubuh, mengangkut
bahan-bahan kimia hasil metabolisme, dan juga sebagai pertahanan tubuh terhadap
virus atau bakteri. Istilah medis yang berkaitan dengan darah diawali dengan
kata hemo- atau hemato- yang berasal dari bahasa Yunani haima yang berarti
darah. Darah merupakan cairan tubuh yang terdapat dalam jantung dan pembuluh
darah. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Darah terdiri dari unsur plasma,
seperti air 91-92%, protein, glukosa, enzim, hormone</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">an unsur seluler, seperti eritrosit,
leukosit, dan trombosit</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Nurcahyo,
1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kebanyakan hewan mamalia sel darah
merahnya tidak mempunyai inti, bentuknya bulan dan bikonkaf. Sel darah merah
pada kebanyakan vertebrata yang lain berbentuk lonjong, berinti dan bikonfeks.
Pada umumnya sel darah merah yang tak berinti mempunyai bentuk dan ukuran yang
lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan sel darah merah yang berinti. Sel darah
merah yang paling besar terdapat pada amphibia. Dari lahir sampai tua sel darah
merah dibuat di sumsum tulang. Jumlah sumsum tulang pada tubuh manusia berkisar
antara 1,5 sampai 3,5 kg. Ada dua macam sumsum tulang yaitu sumsum tulang
kuning dan sumsum tulang merah. Sumsum tulang kuning mengandung beberapa
subtansi, diantaranya adalah sel lemak, pembuluh darah </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Nurcahyo, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem peredaran darah mempunyai fungsi
mengangkut zat makanan (nutrien) dari usus keseluruh jaringan tubuh, mengangkut
zat ampas dari jaringan tubuh ke alat pembuangan, mengangkut O<sub>2</sub> dari
paru-paru atau insang keseluruh jaringan tubuh, mengangkut CO<sub>2</sub> dari
seluruh jaringan tubuh ke paru-paru atau insang, mengangkut hormon dari
kelenjar endokrin ke tempat saluran, mendistribusiksan dari sumbernya ke
seluruh bagian tubuh. Dalam peredarannya, darah mempunyai banyak tekanan agar
mampu dipompakan keseluruh tubuh. Tekanan tersebut ditentukan oleh 3 faktor,
yaitu jumlah darah yang ada di dalam peredaran yang dapat membesarkan pembuluh
darah, aktivitas memompa jantung yaitu mendorong darah sepanjang pembuluh darah
dan tahanan terhadap aliran darah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan darah atau sering disebut
darah pada avertebrata mengandung sedikit dalam plasma darahnya. Unsur seluler
darah terdiri dari sel darah merah, sel darah putih, trombosit (platelets) dan
zat-zat terlarut lainnya, misal protein plasma (albumin, fibrinogen, dan
globin) (Nurcahyo, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keping
darah (platelet) akan bereaksi jika terjadi luka pada pembuluh. Dengan cara
menempel pada dinding pembuluh yang terluka, platelet membentuk hereostatik
plug, yang membentuk trombus dan akhirnya dapat menutup bukaan luka pada
pembuluh tersebut. Waktu pendarahan adalah waktu pada saat darah keluar hingga
berhenti keluar. Darah yang keluar biasanya mempunyai selang waktu antara 15-20
detik. Biasanya setelah terjadi pendarahan akan terjadi koagulasi darah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, j</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adi waktu pendarahan sangat
berkaitan dengan proses koagulasi darah (Swenson, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi dan Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Alat yang
digunakan pada praktikum waktu pendarahan antara lain lanset, arloji
(stopwatch), kertas filter, dan kapas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bahan yang
digunakan pada praktikum waktu pendarahan adalah alkohol 70%.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jari dibersihkan dengan kapas yang
telah dibasahi dengan alkohol, kemudian jari ditusuk dengan lanset steril dan dicatat
waktunya saat darah keluar. Setiap 30 detik, kertas filter ditempelkan pada
darah yang keluar pada pembuluh darah, kertas filter tidak boleh mengenai luka.
Bila pendarahan telah berhenti, waktu dicatat. Waktu pendarahan ditentukan saat
darah keluar sampai pendarahan berhenti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil dan Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari percobaan yang telah dilakukan dan berdasarkan
pengamatan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 6.1. Hasil Pengukuran Waktu Pendarahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 882px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 399.75pt;" width="533">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama Probandus
Umur Jenis Kelamin
Waktu Pendarahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 33.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 399.75pt;" width="533">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imran
Satriadi
18
Laki-laki
51 Detik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resti
19
Perempuan
51 Detik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
praktikum yang telah dilakukan diperoleh data sebagai berikut, waktu pendarahan
probandus laki-laki berumur 18 tahun adalah 51 detik dan waktu pendarahan
probandus perempuan berumur 19 tahun adalah 51 detik. Kisaran waktu pendarahan
normal adalah 15 sampai 120 detik. Dalam hal ini, probandus laki-laki dan
perempuan masih normal. Waktu pendarahan adalah interval waktu mulai timbulnya
tetes darah dari pembuluh darah yang luka sampai darah berhenti mengalir keluar
dari pembuluh darah. Penghentian pembuluh darah ini disebabkan terbentuknya
agregat yang menutupi celah pembuluh darah yang rusak. Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi waktu pendarahan yaitu besar kecilnya luka, suhu, status
kesehatan, umur, besarnya tubuh dan aktivitas kadar hemoglobin dalam darah.
Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan pendarahan antara lain pendarahan karena
defisiensi vitamin, hemofilia dan trombositopenia (Frandson, 1993).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu pendarahan adalah waktu pada
saat darah keluar dari pembuluh darah sampai pendarahan berhenti. Berdasarkan
percobaan yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> probandus
dalam keadaan normal dengan waktu pendarahan diantara 15 sampai 120 detik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frandson,
R. D. 1993. <i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak Edisi Keempat</i>. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yogyakarta : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gadjah Mada University Press.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nurcahyo, Heru. 1998. <i>Anatomi dan
Fisiologi Hewan</i>. Yogyakarta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : UNY.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
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Comstock. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">New York : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Publ. Co. Inc</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-24823803287117233012015-03-02T15:28:00.000-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.431-07:00laporan fister (Acara V)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ACARA V</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SACCUS PNEUMATICUS</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aves
merupakan kelas tersendiri dalam kingdom animalia, aves atau burung memiliki
ciri umum yaitu berbulu dan kebanyakan diantara mereka bisa terbang.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelas aves merupakan satu-satunya
kelompok hewan yang memiliki bulu.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah
satu contoh dari aves tersebut adalah <i>Columba livia. Columbia livia</i></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan spesies hewan bertulang
belakang (vertebrata) dari kelas aves yang mempunyai bulu dan dapat terbang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soman</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i><span lang="IN">et al.</span></i><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2005)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat
secara keseluruhan bagian eksternal dari <i>Columba livia</i> memiliki
tubuh yang terdiri atas <i>caput</i> (kepala),</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cervix</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( leher), </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">truncus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (badan<i>),</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cauda</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (ekor)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan <i>extrimitas</i> (alat gerak).
Selain</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">itu, <i>Columba livia</i> memiliki
bulu-bulu dengan bagian-bagiannya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> P</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ada
bagian caput <i>Columba livia</i> ini memiliki paruh yang tidak
bergigi yang dibentuk oleh maxilla dan mandibula. Selain itu juga terdapat <i>nares</i>
(lubang hidung), <i>cera, organon visus, dan porus acusticus externus</i>. <i>Nares
</i>terdapat pada bagian</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lateral
<i>rostrum</i> bagian atas. <i>Cera</i> merupakan tonjolan kulit yang lemah
pada basis rostrum bagian atas. <i>Organon visus</i> dikelilingi oleh kulit
yang berwarna kuning kemerah-merahan, selain itu terdiri dari pupil dan
membrane nicyitan yang terdapat pada sudut medial mata. <i>Porus acusticus
externus</i> terletak disebelah do</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-caudal mata dan membrane tympani
terdapat di sebelah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalamnya
berguna untuk menangkap getaran suara</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radiopoetra
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">199</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistema
respiratoria pada burung </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdiri dari</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
lubang hidung, <i>nares posterior</i> (lubang pada palatum), <i>glottis,
larynx, trakhea</i>, pulmo dan <i>syrinx </i>(Duke’s, 1995).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Menurut </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fradson</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1992)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ua fungsi utama dari sistem
respirasi adalah untuk menyediakan O<sub>2</sub> untuk darah dan mengambil CO<sub>2
</sub>dari dalam darah. Fungsi-fungsi yang bersifat sekunder meliputi membantu
dalam regulasi keasaman cairan ekstraseluler dalam tubuh, membantu pengendalian
suhu, eliminasi air dan fonasi (pembentukan suara). Sistem respirasi terdiri
dari paru dan saluran-saluran yang memungkinkan atau meninggalkan paru-paru.
Saluran tersebut mencakup <i>nostril</i> (lubang hidung), rongga hidung, <i>farynx,
larynx</i> dan <i>trachea</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat
pernapasan burung adalah paru-paru. Ukuran paru-paru relatif kecil dibandingkan
ukuran tubuh burung. Paru-paru burung terbentuk oleh bronkus primer, bronkus
sekunder dan pembuluh bronkiolus. Bronkus primer berhubungan dengan
mesobronkus. Mesobronkus merupakan bronkiolus terbesar. Mesobronkus bercabang
menjadi dua set bronkus sekunder anterior dan posterior, yang disebut
ventrobronkus dan darsobronkus. Ventrobronkus dan darsobronkus
dihubungkan oleh parabronkus (Pratiwi, 2007).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paru-paru
pada burung mempunyai hubungan dengan kantong udara yang disebut <i>saccus
pneumaticus</i>, yaitu sebuah kantong yang berisi udara. <i>Saccus Pneumaticus</i>
terjadi karena perluasan atau dilatasi oleh selaput <i>mukosa bronkus</i>
(Radiopoetra, 199</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Menurut Kant
(2001), <span style="background: white;">s</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elain paru-paru, burung biasanya memiliki 4
pasang perluasan paru-paru yang disebut pundi-pundi hawa atau kantung udara <i>(saccus
pneumaticus)</i> yang menyebar sampai ke perut, leher, dan sayap.
Kantung-kantung udara ini terdapat pada pangkal leher (<i>saccus cervicalis</i>),
rongga dada <i>(saccus thoracalis anterior dan posterior)</i>, antara tulang
selangka atau korakoid (<i>saccus interclavicularis</i>), ketiak (<i>saccus
axillaris)</i>, dan di antara lipatan usus atau rongga perut (<i>saccus
abdominalis</i>). Kantung udara berhubungan dengan paru-paru, berselaput tipis,
tetapi tidak terjadi difusi udara pernapasan. Adanya kantung udara
mengakibatkan, pernapasan pada burung menjadi efisien</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernafasan pada burung
memiliki mekanisme yang dibedakan atas pernafasan pada waktu istirahat dan
pernafasan pada waktu terbang. Pernafasan pada waktu istirahat terdiri dari
fase inspiratio dan expiratio. Pada fase inspiratio, <i>costac</i> bergerak ke
arah <i>cavum</i> sehingga <i>thoracalis</i> membesar, pulmo mengembang dan
udara masuk kedalam pulmo. Pernafasan pada waktu terbang dipengaruhi oleh
fungsi saccus pneumaticus yang berupa <i>saccus interclavicularis</i> dan <i>saccus
axillaris</i> (Radiopetra, 1995).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">accus pneumaticus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan suatu organ pada
ungags </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang berfungsi untuk </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elindungi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> alat-alat dalam dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rongga </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> udara </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bertahan pada
suhu yang dingin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
membantu pernafasan terutama pada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saat burung sedang</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
terbang, mencegah hilangnya panas badan yang berlebihan,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> jenis
badan dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengembang</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kempiskan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saccus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada burung yang terbang serta
membantu memperkeras suara </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(syrinx) </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pratiwi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2007</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipotesis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lain yang
dapat diterima </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengenai</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fungsi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dari </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saccus </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pneumaticus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah <i>saccus</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pneumaticus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membantu dalam proses masuk dan
keluarnya udara ketika proses inspirasi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dimulai.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Terdapat tekanan yang serentak
terhadap udara agar masuk kedalam</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saccus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>cranial</i> dan <i>caudal</i>,
itu berarti selama proses inspirasi udara mengalir kedalam semua <i>saccus</i> namun
tidak semua <i>saccus</i> diisi udara dari luar, selama tekanan uap
udara mengalir maka keluar kembali (Schmidt dan Nielsen, 1997)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua
<i>saccus</i> terisi oleh udara pada waktu inspirasi. <i>Saccus thoracalis
posterior</i> terisi udara yang banyak mengandung oksigen yang datang dari <i>bronki</i>
utama, sedangkan <i>saccus</i> <i>thoracalis anterior</i> terisi udara yang
sudah melewati kapiler dan paru-paru sehingga kandungan oksigennya rendah.
Udara dari <i>saccus</i> <i>thoracalis</i> <i>anterior</i> akan keluar dari
bronki utama pada saat respirasi dan udara dari <i>saccus</i> <i>thoracalis</i>
<i>posterior</i> akan melewati kapiler paru-paru. Setiap <i>saccus pneumaticus</i>
dihubungkan dengan paru-paru dan hubungan ini merupakan bagian spesifik dari
paru-paru <i>aves</i>. Jadi baik saat inspirasi maupun ekspirasi paru-paru <i>aves</i>
disuplai dengan udara yang segar, yaitu datang langsung dari <i>bronki</i>
(saat inspirasi) dan datang dari <i>saccus thoracalis posterior</i> (saat
ekspirasi) (Everelt and Olusonya, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi dan Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Alat-alat
yang digunakan adalah penjepit, selang, suntikan, dan pinset untuk menunjukan
bagian-bagian <i>saccus</i> pada preparat burung merpati.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bahan yang
digunakan adalah preparat <i>Columba livia</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode praktikum yang dilakukan adalah
dengan melihat secara langsung organ-organ respirasi <i>(saccus pneumaticus)</i>
yang dimiliki oleh burung merpati dan mekanisme pernafasannya, sehingga
praktikan dapat mengetahui letak, bentuk, fungsi dan mekanisme kerja dari
masing-masing <i>saccus pneumaticus</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil
dan pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
yang diperoleh dari praktikum acara <i>saccus pneumaticus </i>adalah dapat
diketahui berbagai macam bentuk, letak, dan fungsi <i>saccus pneumaticus</i>
terutama pada burung <i>Columba livia</i>. <i>Sacuus</i> yang diamati adalah <i>saccus
cervicalis</i> berjumlah sepasang dan terdapat dipangkal leher, <i>saccus
interclavicularis </i>berjumlah tunggal dan terdapat diantara coracoid dan
bercabang, <i>saccus axillaris</i> berjumlah sepasang dan terdapat pada pangkal
sayap, <i>saccus thoracalis anterior </i>berjumlah sepasang dan terdapat pada
rongga dada depan, <i>saccus thoracalis posterior</i> berjumlah sepasang terdapat
di rongga dada belakang, dan <i>saccus abdominlis</i> berjumlah sepasang dan
dikelilingi intestinum. Menurut Duke (985), <i>saccus pneumaticus </i>pada
itik, ayam, dan merpati memiliki sembilan bagian yang terdiri dari <i>saccus
cervicallis</i> (sepasang), <i>saccus interclavicularis</i> (tunggal), <i>saccus
axillaris</i> (sepasang), <i>saccus thoracalis anterior</i> (sepasang), <i>saccus
thoracalis posterior </i>(sepasang), <i>saccus abdominlis</i> (sepasang). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi
dari <i>Saccus pneumaticus</i> adalah untuk membantu pernapasan burung,
terutama pada saat terbang. Pernafasan burung mempunyai mekanisme yang berbeda
antara pernafasan waktu istirahat dan pernafasan pada waktu terbang. Pada waktu
istirahat terdiri dari fase <i>inspratio</i> dan <i>expiratio.</i> Pada waktu <i>inspiratio</i>
<span style="color: #222222;">costae bergerak kearah cranio ventral sehingga <i>cavum
thorax</i> mengembang, pulmo membesar dan udara masuk ke pulmo. Inspirasi
membutuhkan <i>intercostalis externu</i></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s</span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ada fase <i>expiratio</i>
costae kembali ke kedudukan semula. Otot yang bekerja yaitu <i>intercostalis
internus, obliquus abdominis internus, m.rectus abdominis,</i></span><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tranversus abdominis</span></i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Soewasono, 2007). </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
waktu terbang, inspirasi dan ekspirasi dilakukan oleh kantung-kantung udara.
Waktu sayap diangkat ke atas, kantung udara di ketiak mengembang, sedang
kantung udara di tulang korakoid terjepit, sehingga terjadi inspirasi (O2 pada
tempat itu masuk ke paru-paru). Bila sayap diturunkan, kantung udara di ketiak
terjepit, sedang kantung udara di tulang korakoid mengembang, sehingga terjadi
ekspirasi (O2 pada tempat itu keluar). Makin tinggi burung terbang, makin cepat
burung mengepakkan sayapnya untuk mendapatkan oksigen yang cukup</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">banyak.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Udara luar yang masuk, sebagian
kecil tetap berada di paru-paru, dan sebagian besar akan diteruskan ke kantung
udara sebagai udara cadangan. Udara pada kantung udara dimanfaatkan hanya pada
saat udara (O2) di paru-paru berkurang, yakni saat burung sedang mengepakkan
sayapnya. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Radiopoetra (1995), pernafasan pada burung memiliki mekanisme yang dibedakan
atas pernafasan pada waktu istirahat dan pernafasan pada waktu terbang.
Pernafasan pada waktu istirahat terdiri dari fase <i>inspiratio</i> dan <i>expiratio</i>.
Pada fase <i>inspiratio</i>, <i>costac</i> bergerak ke arah <i>carnio ventral
cavum</i> sehingga <i>thoracalis</i> membesar, pulmo mengembang dan udara masuk
ke dalam pulmo</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">edangkan
pernafasan pada waktu terbang dipengaruhi oleh fungsi saccus Pneumaticus yang
berupa <i>saccus interclavicularis</i> dan <i>saccus axillaris</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi
selanjutnya yaitu untuk melindungi alat-alat dalam dari berbagai macam
benturan, menjaga supaya kehilangan panas dari tubuh tidak berlebihan,
memperbesar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
memperkecil berat jenis tubuh karena pada saat terbang <i>saccus pneumaticus </i>akan
mengembang, sehingga berat jenis akan menjadi ringan, dan fungsi yang terakhir
yaitu untuk memperbesar <i>syrinx</i> (memperkeras suara).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Menurut Gibson
(2003), f</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ungsi dari <i>saccus
pneumaticus</i> antara lain membantu alat pernapasan (menampung udara
pernapasan yang masuk pertama kali), mengatur pertukaran udara, mengatur suhu
tubuh atau <i>thermoregulator</i> (kenaikan suhu karena gerakan otot ketika
terbang), pendingin gonad (<i>saccus abdominalis</i> dekat dengan gonad),
membantu proses spermatogenesis, menghasilkan suara, dan mengurangi gravitasi
pada waktu terbang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar
5.1. Sistema respiratoria pada burung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(anonim, 2010)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
gambar diatas<i>, </i>dapat diketahui sistema respiratoria pada burung dimulai
dari lubang hidung, <i>nares pasteriores</i>, <i>glottis, larynx</i>, trakhea,
pulmo dan <i>syrinx. </i>Menurut Duke’s (1995), sistema respiratoria pada
burung adalah lubang hidung, <i>nares posterior</i> (lubang pada palatum), <i>glottis,
larynx, </i>trakhea dan <i>syrinx.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Systema
respiratoria menurut Everelt dan Olusonya (1998) aves terdiri dari <i>Nares
anteriores – nares posteriors – larynx – trakhea – syrink- Bronkus – pulmo.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nares
anteriores</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <i>Nares
anteriores</i> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tau
lubang hidung yang terletak dipangkal rostun bagian dorsal. Jumlah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sepasang.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nares </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">p</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">osteriores</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> m</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erupakan lubang pada palatum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larynx</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larynx</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erdiri dari tulang rawan, ada yang
membatasi deng</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n
suatu ruangan yang disebut glottis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
sedangkan <i>larynx </i>dihubungkan dengan mulut dengan celah perantara yang
disebut <i>Rima Glottidis.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trakhea</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <i>Trakhea</i> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erupa pipa ada cincing tulang rawan
yang disebut <i>annulus trakhealis</i> yang tesusun sepanjang tra</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hea kea</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ah percabangan <i>bifurcation
trakhealis</i> yang memisahkan <i>bronchus</i> menjadi dua yaitu dexter dan
sinister</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syrinx</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syrinx</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erdiri atas sepasang <i>annulus
trachealis</i> caudal dan sepasang <i>annulus bronchialis</i> cranial</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdapat pada <i>bifurcatio tracheae</i>,membatasi
ruangan yang agak melebar : tymphany. Dalam siring terdapat otot
sternotrakealis yang menghubungkan tulang dada dan trakea, serta berfungsi
untuk menimbulkan suara. Selain itu terdapat juga otot siringialis yang
menghubungkan siring dengan dinding <i>trak</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sebelah dalam. Dalam rongga siring terdapat selaput yang
mudah bergetar. Getaran selaput suara tergantung besar kecilnya ruangan siring
yang diatur oleh otot sternotrakealis dan otot siringalis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bronkus</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bronkus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kstrapulmonalis, bronkus
intrapulmonalis (bronkus primer,mesobronkus), bronkus sekunder, brokus tersier </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">parabronkus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parabronkus berupa tabung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tabung kecil. Di</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">parabronkus bermuara banyak kapiler
sehingga memungkinkan udara berdifusi, vesikel udara (atria), kapiler
udara</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulmo</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulmo</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Letak dari pulmo ini biasanya di
menempel p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">da
dinding dorsal thoak diantara costae</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan
dibungkus oleh selaput yang dinamakn pleura. Pulmo ini sepasang dan berbentuk
spons. Pada burung columbivia dan gallus pulmonya ini mempunyai hubungan dengan
kantong-kantong hawa yang disebut <i>saccus pneumaticus</i> (Everelt and
Olusonya, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paru-paru
dan <i>saccus pneumaticus</i> tidak dapat dipisahkan pada sistem respirasi
burung. Hubungan paru-paru (<i>pulmo</i>) dengan <i>saccus pneumaticus</i> ada
4 macam yaitu inhalasi 1 adalah proses ketika udara (O<sub>2</sub>) masuk
langsung ke trakhea lalu ke paru-paru (<i>pulmo</i>) lalu masuk ke <i>saccus
posterior</i> dan terjadi proses Ekshalasi 1. Ekshalasi 1 adalah proses lanjut
dari inhalasi 1 yaitu dari saccus posterior menuju kembali ke <i>pulmo</i>.
Selanjutnya adalah inhalasi 2 yaitu dari <i>pulmo</i> ke anterior.
Terakhir adalah ekshalasi 2 yaitu dari anterior udara keluar menuju trakhea
lewat lubang hidung dan udara keluar. Menurut Everelt and Olusonya (1998),
Semua <i>saccus</i> terisi oleh udara pada waktu inspirasi. <i>Saccus
thoracalis posterior</i> terisi udara yang banyak mengandung oksigen yang
datang dari <i>bronki</i> utama, sedangkan <i>saccus</i> <i>thoracalis anterior</i>
terisi udara yang sudah melewati kapiler dan paru-paru sehingga kandungan
oksigennya rendah. Udara dari <i>saccus</i> <i>thoracalis</i> <i>anterior</i>
akan keluar dari bronki utama pada saat respirasi dan udara dari <i>saccus</i> <i>thoracalis</i>
<i>posterior</i> akan melewati kapiler paru-paru. Setiap <i>saccus pneumaticus</i>
dihubungkan dengan paru-paru dan hubungan ini merupakan bagian spesifik dari
paru-paru <i>aves</i>. Jadi baik saat inspirasi maupun ekspirasi paru-paru <i>aves</i>
disuplai dengan udara yang segar, yaitu datang langsung dari <i>bronki</i>
(saat inspirasi) dan datang dari <i>saccus thoracalis posterior</i> (saat
ekspirasi). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
semua hewan mempunya sistem pernafasan yang sama. Seperti yang diketahui bahwa
di alam ini hewan terbagi menjadi beberapa jenis, seperti aves, reptil,
amfibi, mamalia, dan lain-lain. Semua hewan ini mempunya sistem pernafasan yang
berbeda, berikut adalah alat pernafasan pada berbagai jenis hewan : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reptile.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reptile bernafas dengan paru-paru
udara masuk melalui hidung. Kemudian menuju <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a>batang
tenggorokan, lalu ke paru-paru. Didalam paru-paru oksigen di serap sedangkan
karbon dioksida dikeluarkan, reptile yang sering berkubang di air, misalnya
buaya, lubang hidungnya dapat ditutup sewaktu menyelam. Tujuannya agar air
tidak masuk ke dalam paru-paru. Contoh reptile adalah ular, buaya, kadal,
cecak dan biawak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( Soman, 2005).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amfibi. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katak dapat hidup di dua alam yaitu
di darat dan di air. Oleh karena itu, katak disebut hewan amfibi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahap perkembangan katak dimulai
dari telur, berudu (hidup di air), katak muda dan katak dewasa (hidup di
darat). Berudu bernafas dengan tiga pasang insang luar yang terdapat di kepala
bagian belakang. Insang luar disebut terdiri dari lembaran-lembran kulit luar
yang halus dan mengandung kapiler darah. Setelah umur 9 hari, berudu bernafas
dengan insang dalam. Selanjunya berudu terus tumbuh menjadi katak muda.
Kemudian katak muda menjadi katak dewasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katak
dewasa bernafas dengan paru-paru kanan dan paru-paru kiri. Di dalam paru-paru
terdapat banyak gelembung udara. Gelembung udara tersebut sangat tipis dan
berselaput, penuh dengan kapiler darah. Di dalam gelembung udara terjadi
pertukaran gas. Gas oksigen diserap, sedangkan karbon dioksida di keluarkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. K</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atak juga bernafas dengan kulit.
Oleh karena itu kulit katak selalu basah. Melalui kulit yang basah itu katak
mengikat oksigen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( Soman, 2005).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pisces. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikan bernafas dengan insang yang
berjumlah 4 pasang. Insang yang terletak di sebelah kanan dan kiri kepala.
Insang dilindungi oleh tutup insang. Saat mulut terbuka, air masuk ke rongga
mulut sementara tutup insang menutup, kemudian oksigen yang terkandung dalam
air di ikat oleh kapiler darah. Sebaliknya karbon dioksida dikeluarkan melalui
insang.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikan memiliki gelembung renang.
Gelembung renang itu berguna untuk menyimpan oksigen dan mengatur gerak
naik-turun. Ikan yang hidup di tempt kurang air, misalnya lumpur mempunyai
lipatan-lipatan pada insang. Lipatan-lipatan itu di
sebut labirin. Labirun juga mempunyai cadangan oksigen, jenis ikan
yang biasa hidup di lumpur antara lain ikan betook,lele, gabus,dan gurami</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( Soman,
2005).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Serangga. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Serangga bernafas dengan Trak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ea. Trak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ea adalah pembulu –pembulu halus
yang bercabang yang memenuhi seluruh bagian tubuh serangga dan bermuara
pada stigma.stigma ialah lubang (corong) yang terletak di sisi tubuh bagian
kanan dan kiri. Stigma berfungsi sebagai jalan keluar masuknya udara. Oksigen
tidak diedarkan melalui darah, tetapi diedarkan melalui darah, tetapi diedarkan
oleh sistim trak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ea.
Keluar dan masuknya udara disebabkan oleh gerakan otot tubuh yang teratur.
Contoh serangga adalah nyamuik, belalang,lalat, rayap dan kupu-kupu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. ( Soman,
2005).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mamalia. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hewan yang termasuk hewan mamalia
adalah hewan yang menyusui anaknya. Contoh kucing,harimau ,sapi, kelinci tikus
dan lumba-lumba. Mamalia ada yang hidup di darat dan ada yang hidup di air.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat pernafasan mamalia sama dengan
manusia. Mamalia bernafas dengan paru-paru. Mamalia air seperti paus dan
lumba-lumba, juga bernafas dengan paru-paru.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
paus dan lumba-lumba, udara ke luar dan masuk melalui lubang hidung khusus
terletak di atas kepala. Lubang itu akan membuka ketika mereka naik ke
permukaan air dan menutup ketika menyelam. Saat lubang hidung membuka paus dan
lumba-lumba menghembuskan udara lembab dan hangat dari paru-paru, kemudian
mengisi kembali dengan oksigen .</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika
paus menghembuskan udara hangat dari paru-par. Tampak seperti berbentuk air
mencur di atas kepalanya. Sebenarnya air itu adalah udara hangat dari paru-paru
yang bertemu dengan udara lautan yang dingin. Peristiwa itu
disebut Kondensasi. Hal ini mirip saat kita bernafas pada saat udara
dingin. Tampak keluar asap (kabut ) ketika kita menghembuskan nafas melalui
hidung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( Soman, 2005).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan praktikum yang telah
dilakukan pada acara <i>saccus pneumaticus</i> ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa <i>saccus
pneumaticus</i> pada <i>Columba livia</i> terdiri dari <i>saccus cervicalis</i>
yang terletak pada pangkal leher, <i>saccus interclavicularis</i> terletak
diantara curacoid, <i>saccus axillaris</i> terletak pada pangkal sayap, <i>saccus
thoracalis</i> <i>posterior</i> dan <i>saccus thoracalis anterior</i> masing –
masing terletak pada rongga dada bagian depan dan belakang, dan yang terakhir <i>saccus
abdominalis</i> yang dikelilingi oleh <i>intestinum</i>. Adapun mekanisme kerja
dari <i>saccus pneumaticus</i> yang selalu berkaitan dengan paru-paru karena
peran keduanya sangat penting. <i>Saccus</i> juga mempunyai fungsi, diantaranya
untuk membantu pernapasan pada burung terutama pada saat terbang, melindungi
alat-alat dalam, menjaga supaya kehilangan panas dalam tubuh tidak berlebihan,
membantu memperbesar atau memperkecil berat jenis tubuh dan memperbesar <i>syrinx</i>
(memperkeras suara).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duke’s, H.N. 1995. The <i>Physiology
of Domestic Animals</i>. Comstock</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Publishing. Co.
New York.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Everelt, H.N and Olusonya, S. 1998. <i>Anatomi
and Physiology of tropical Livestock. </i> First
Edition. Logman. Singapore Publisher. Pte ltd. Singapore.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fradson,
R.D. 1992. <i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak. </i>Yogyakarta.
Gadjah Mada University Press.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gibson, J. 2003. <i>Fisiologi dan Anatomi Modern edisi 2.
</i>Jakarta. Penerbit buku Kedokteran EGC.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kant,
G. C., R. K. Carr.2001. <i>Comparative of the Anatomy Vertebrates Ninth
Edition.</i> Mc Graw Hill Companies Inc.New York.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pratiwi, D.A, dkk. 2007. Biologi. Jakarta. Erlangga.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radiopoetra. 1995. <i>Petunjuk
praktikum Zoologi</i>. Fakultas Biologi Universitas
Gadjah mada Yogyakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soman,
Arya, Tyson L. Hedrick and Andrew A. Biewener. 2005. <i>Regional Patterns of
Pectoralis.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-6210703236322991022015-03-02T15:25:00.000-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.531-07:00laporan fister (Acara IV)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ACARA
I</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SISTEM DIGESTI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan
Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hewan memakan suatu makanan mempunyai
tujuan yaitu (1) untuk mendapatkan energi, memelihara kehidupannya,
mempertahankan proses hidup, kontraksi alat dan berbagai proses lain. (2)
sebagai material kasar untuk membangun dan mempertahankan sel serta metabolisme
alat-alat tubuh. (3) untuk tumbuh dan bereproduksi. Semua zat yang berasal dari
tumbuhan maupun hewan yang dimakan oleh seekor hewan tidak langsung dapat
dimanfaatkan. Bahan makanan tersebut harus mengalami pemecahan menjadi
partikel-partikel yang lebih kecil agar dapat diserap dan dimanfaatkan oleh
tubuh (Tillman, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem digesti pada ternak secara umum
dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu monogastrik dan poligastrik. Saluran pencernaan
hewan monogastrik meliputi mulut, <i>oesophagus, stomach </i>(lambung), <i>small
intestinum, coecum</i>, <i>large intestinum, rectum</i>, anus. Hewan
poligastrik memiliki lambung dengan 4 bagian yaitu rumen, retikulum, omasum dan
abomasum (Swenson, 1997). Menurut Tilman (1998) hewan dapat dibedakan menjadi
karnivora, herbivora dan omnivora berdasarkan jenis pakannya. Herbivora
merupakan hewan pemakan tumbuhan, karnivora pemakan daging dan omnivora adalah
pemakan segala.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem pencernaan (<i>tractus</i> <i>digestifus</i>)
terdiri atas suatu saluran muskulo membranosa yang terentang dari mulut sampai
ke anus. Fungsinya adalah memasukkan makanan, menggiling, mencerna, dan
menyerap makan, serta mengeluarkan buangannya yang berwujud padat. Sistem
pencernaan mengubah zat-zat hara yang terdapat dalam makan menjadi senyawa yang
lebih sederhana hingga dapat diserap dan digunakan sebagai energi, membangun
senyawa-senyawa lain untuk kepentingan metabolisme (Frandson, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah dalam sistem meliputi
mekanis, biologis, dan enzimatis. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara mekanis dilakukan dengan <i>prehension,
reinsalivasi</i>, dan <i>remastikasi </i>serta <i>redeglutisi</i>. Didalam
rumen terdapat mikroflora rumen yang berfungsi untuk mencerna selulose dan
hemiselulose menjadi VFH + CO<sub>2</sub> + CH<sub>4 </sub>+ energi panas.
Fungsi lain dari organisme rumen adalah sebagai sumber energi, sumber asam
amino, dan sintesis vitamin B. Terdapat pula kelenjar tambahan yang meliputi
glandula saliva, pankreas dan hati (Tillman,</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1998)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem pencernaan pada ternak
ruminansia dan non ruminansia sangatlah berbeda. Ternak ruminansia mempunyai
lambung sejati yang disebut abomasum dan mempunyai lambung yang membesar yang
mempunyai tiga ruangan, yaitu rumen, retikulum, omasum (Tillman, 1998). Menurut
Swenson (1997) rumen dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu dorsal dan ventral.
Bagian dorsal mempunyai lubang kedepan yang berhubungan dengan oesophagus dan
retikulum. Bagian dorsal dan ventral dipisahkan oleh sekat <i>cranial</i> dan <i>caudal</i>
yang merupakan ketinggian musculus yang kuat dari dinding rumen. Bagian ventral
pada rumen mempunyai tonjolan-tonjolan yang disebut papila rumen. Retikulum
terletak di belakang diafragma dan dihubungkan dengan omasum oleh lubang yang
disebut <i>orifium reticulo omasal. </i>Dinding dalam omasum mempunyai bentuk
lembaran-lembaran dengan panjang yang tidak sama. Abomasum merupakan perut
kelenjar yang mempunyai bagian fundis (dinding berlipat-lipat) dan bagian <i>antrum
pyloric</i> yang berotot.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Perut pada hewan non
ruminansia terletak persis di belakangan sisi kiri diafragma (Frandson, 1992).
Unggas (non ruminansia) tidak memiliki gigi untuk mengunyah, tetapi memiliki
lidah kaku yang dapat digunakan untuk menelan makanannya. Perut unggas
mempunyai keistimewaan yaitu terdapat pencernaan mekanik yang dibantu oleh
batu-batu kecil di <i>gizzard </i>(Swenson, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pola pencernaan pada
unggas umumnya mengikuti sistem pencernaan pada non ruminansia. Akan tetapi
unggas memiliki usus besar yang sedikit dibandingkan hewan non ruminansia. Di
usus besar terjadi aktivitas jasad renik tetapi sangat rendah dibandingkan
dengan ternak non ruminansia lain (Tillman, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Organ pencernaan pada
unggas mempunyai sistem yang khas dengan adanya <i>crop</i> atau tembolok yang
merupakan pembesaran oesophagus. <i>Crop</i> berfungsi untuk menyimpan makanan
sementara sebelum masuk ke <i>proventriculus</i>. Sistem pencernaan unggas juga
memiliki bakteri aktif yang dapat menghasilkan asam organik yang berupa asam
asetat dan asam laktat. Saluran pencernaan unggas terdiri dari mulut, <i>oesophagus</i>,
<i>crop, proventrikulus, gizzard</i>, usus halus, <i>coecum,</i> usus besar, <i>rectum</i>,
dan <i>cloaca</i>. Organ tambahan dalam pencernaan pada unggas adalah limpa,
hati dan pankreas (Frandson, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci memiliki sistem pencernaan
yang amat rumit, dan mereka tidak dapat mencerna semua</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">makanan dengan cara yang sama
baiknya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci
dewasa menyerap protein (sampai 90%) di usus halus mereka, namun tergantung
pada</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sumbernya. Protein dari alfalfa,
sebagai contohnya, tidak dapat dicerna oleh kelinci. Kelinci</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sangat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sulit</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam hal mencerna selulosa (Fraga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1990) hal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daya cerna yang lemah terhadap serat
dan kecepatan pencernaan kelinci</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">untuk
menyingkirkan semua partikel yang sulit dicerna menyebabkan kelinci
membutuhkan jumlah makanan yang besar (Sakaguchi 1992)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuda
merupakan ternak </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on
ruminansia. Kuda memiliki kemampuan untuk memanfaatkan hijauan dalam jumlah
yang cukup dengan proses fermentatif di bagian <i>c</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ecum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Saluran pencernaan kuda memiliki
ciri khusus yaitu ukuran kapasitas saluran pencernaan bagian belakang lebih
besar di bandingkan bagian belakang. Alat pencernaan adalah organ-organ yang
langsung berhubungan dengan penerimaan, pencernaan bahan pakan dan pengeluaran
sisa pencernaan atau metabolisme</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Blakely, 1991).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi dan Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Alat yang
digunakan dalam praktikum sistem digesti adalah mistar dan meteran sebagai alat
ukur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan yang
digunakan dalam praktikum sistem digesti adalah organ-organ dalam sistem
pencernaan<b> </b>kambing, domba, dan ayam yang lengkap.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem pencernaan pada domba/ kambing
dan ayam diamati. Setiap organ pencernaan mulai dari mulut sampai anus atau <i>cloaca</i>
diukur dengan mistar atau meteran. Bagian yang diukur adalah panjang dan lebar
setiap organ. Hasil pengukuran ditulis pada lembar kerja yang telah disediakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil dan Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari percobaan
yang telah dilakukan dan berdasarkan pengamatan diperoleh hasil sebagai
berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem digesti ruminansia (Kambing)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 4.1. Bagian-bagian dan ukuran organ digesti pada
ruminansia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.22%;" width="34%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organ Pencernaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.78%;" width="65%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.6%;" width="29%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panjang (cm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.2%;" width="36%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebar (cm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 155.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 155.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.22%;" valign="top" width="34%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oesophagus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lambung :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumen</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Retikulum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Omasum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abomasum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Small
Intestinum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coecum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Large
Intestinum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rectum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 155.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.6%;" valign="top" width="29%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1080</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">312</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 155.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.2%;" valign="top" width="36%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem digesti unggas (Ayam)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 4.2. Bagian-bagian dan ukuran organ digesti pada
unggas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.78%;" width="33%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organ Pencernaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.22%;" width="66%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.2%;" width="29%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panjang (cm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.02%;" width="37%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebar (cm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 158.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 158.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.78%;" valign="top" width="33%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oesophagus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crop</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proventrikulus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gizzard</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Small
Intestinum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coecum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coecum</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coecum</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Large
Intestinum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rectum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cloaca</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 158.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.2%;" valign="top" width="29%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5,3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">106,2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13,6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11,6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 158.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.02%;" valign="top" width="37%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem digesti ruminansia </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
hasil pengamatan diatas dapat diketahui, bahwa saluran pencernaan pada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kambing</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">esophagus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan ukuran </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cm, rumen </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cm, reticulum </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cm, omasum </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cm, abomasum </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cm, usus halus 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">08</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0 cm</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>coecum </i>17
cm, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">usus besar 3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cm</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>rectum</i>
15 cm, dan anus 10 cm</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Pound
(1995), panjang <i>small intestinum</i> pada rumunansia kambing atau domba
ialah 21 cm, panjang, panjang <i>coecum </i>2 cm, panjang <i>colon </i>dan <i>rectum
</i>10 cm dan dengan panjang perut keseluruhan 67 cm. Berdasarkan perbandingan
antara hasil pengukuran dan literatur diperoleh hasil yang kurang sesuai.
Ukuran dari setiap bagian dari saluran pencernaan berbeda-beda itu </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">disebabkan karena </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beberapa faktor
diantaranya ialah </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">organ-organ
tersebut sudah diawetkan sehingga mengalami pengerutan, umur ternak yang masih
muda,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penyambungan organ-organ
pencernaan tersebut sudah ada yang putus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Organ pertama dalam sistem
pencernaan adalah mulut. Pencernaan yang terjadi didalam mulut adalah
pencernaan secara mekanik yaitu dengan mengunyah makanan menjadi partikel yang
lebih kecil dan mencampurnya dengan saliva agar mudah ditelan. Saliva
dihasilkan oleh tiga pasang kelenjar saliva dalam mulut, yaitu (1) kelenjar
submaxillaris, (2) kelenjar parotis, dan (3) sublingualis (Kamal, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frandson (1992) menyatakan bahwa mulut
yang digunakan untuk menggiling makanan dan mencampurnya dengan saliva, tetapi
juga dapat berperan dalam mekanisme prehensil dan juga sebagai defensif maupun
ofensif. Peran rongga mulut serta struktur-struktur yang terkait meliputi
prehensil, mastikasi, insalivasi dan pembentukan bolus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses memakan diawali dengan prehensi
atau gerakan mengantarkan makanan masuk kedalam mulut. Organ yang digunakan
untuk prehensi pada setiap hewan berbeda-beda. Mastikasi (pengunyahan) akan
mengikuti proses prehensi. Setiap hewan mempunyai jenis gigi, susunan dan
kebiasaan mengunyah yang berbeda-beda. Pengunyahan dapat dilakukan/ dikontrol
sesuai volunter, tetapi akan menjadi gerakan refleks jika ada makanan didalam
mulut. Adanya makanan juga dapat merangsang keluarnya saliva. Saliva pada
ruminansia berfungsi untuk mempertahankan konsistensi cairan dari isi rumen,
membantu menetralkan asam-asam yang dibentuk oleh mikroorganisme dan dapat pula
mencegah timbulnya buih (Frandson, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makanan dari mulut akan masuk ke faring
yang akan didorong ke dalam <i>oesophagus</i> melalui kontraksi otot-otot
faringeal. Faring merupakan saluran umum sebagai saluran lewatnya udara maupun
makanan, sedangkan oesophagus merupakan kelanjutan langsung dari faring yang
berupa suatu saluran muskular yang merentang dari faring menuju ke kardia dan
perut, persis pada posisi <i>caudal</i> dan diafragma. Dinding muskular <i>oesophagus</i>
terdiri dari 2 lapis yang melintas miring, kemudian spiral, dan membentuk suatu
lapis sirkuler dalam. Otot <i>oesophagus</i> pada ruminansia berupa otot serat
lintang (Frandson, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perut sejati pada ruminansia diawali
oleh perut depan yang terdiri dari rumen, retikulum, dan omasum. Rumen berupa
suatu kantong muskular yang besar. Rumen terlentang dari diafragma menuju
pelvis dan hampir menempati sisi kiri ruang abdominal. Rumen dibagi menjadi
kantong-kantong oleh pilar-pilar muskuler (Frandson, 1992). Rumen berisi air
sebanyak 85-93% dan sering terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu bagian bawah yang
cair dengan partikel-partikel pakan yang larut dan bagian atas yang masih
mengandung partikel kasar (Kamal, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Retikulum merupakan kompartemen perut
yang paling kranial. Bagian dalam retikulum diselaputi membrana mukosa yang
mengandung <i>‘intersekting ridge’</i> yang membagi permukaan retikulum seperti
sarang lebah (Frandson, 1992). Rumen dan retikulum sering disebut <i>fermentation
vat</i> karena didalamnya terdapat mikroorganisme yang dapat memecah selulosa
dan hemiselulosa dalam keadaan anaerob menjadi VFH + CH<sub>4 </sub>+ energi
panas (Swenson, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruminansia melakukan proses ruminasi
yang merupakan proses yang memungkinkan seekor hewan merumput, makan tepat, dan
kemudian mengunyahnya. Proses ruminasi menyangkut <i>regurgitasi, remastikasi,
reinsalivasi </i>dan<i> redeglutisi.</i> <i>Regurgitasi</i> merupakan proses
kembalinya makanan kedalam mulut. <i>Remastikasi</i> atau penguyahan kembali
berjalan lebih santai dibandingkan dengan penguyahan inisial. <i>Reinsalivasi </i>merupakan
proses pencampuran kembali makanan dengan saliva. Bolus yang telah mengalami <i>regurgitasi
</i>dan <i>remastikasi</i> akan ditelan kembali <i>(redeglutisi) </i>yang akan
masuk kedalam rumen (Frandson, 1992). Proses <i>regurgitasi</i> diawali dari
retikulum (Wiwi, 2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Omasum merupakan bagian saluran
pencernaan yang berisi lamina-lamina yang dikelilingi oleh membran mukosa
(Swenson, 1997). Omasum selalu hampir penuh dengan bahan hijauan yang agak
kering. Abomasum merupakan perut sejati yang aktivitasnya tergantung sampai
batas tertentu pada isi duodenum (Frandson, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usus halus dibagi menjadi 3 bagian,
yaitu duodenum, jejunum, dan illeum. Duodenum merupakan bagian pertama usus
halus. Duktus yang berasal dari pankreas dan hati masuk kebagian pertama dari
duodenum. Jejunum dapat dipisahkan dengan duodenum. Akan tetapi antara jejunum
dan illeum tidak mempunyai batas yang jelas. Persambungan illeum dengan usus
besar adalah pada <i>osteon illale</i> (Frandson, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usus besar terdiri atas cecum yang
merupakan kantung buntu dan kolon yang terdiri atas bagian-bagian yang naik,
mendatar, dan turun. Usus besar pada ruminansia terdiri atas <i>coecum</i>,
kolon,dan <i>rectum</i> (Frandson, 1992). <i>Rectum</i> merupakan bagian dari
usus besar yang mengembang dan menampung feses. Anus merupakan tempat keluarnya
feses (Kamal, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap organ mempunyai ukuran yang
berbeda-beda. Berikut ini adalah tabel perbandingan sistem digesti pada ternak
yang dinyatakan Pound (1995).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 4.3 Perbandingan
kapasitas sistem digesti pada ternak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 844px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.65pt; mso-row-margin-right: 2.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hewan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
kecil </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Co</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ecum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolon</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan <i>Rectum</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.1pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intestina</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panjang Tubuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"><br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder;" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 67.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kambing/Domba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuda</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 67.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">90</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">67</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 67.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 67.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 67.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 67.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.1pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20:1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27:1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12:1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 67.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(Pound, 1995)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem digesti unggas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran pada organ
pencernaan unggas diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut, <i>oesophagus </i>pada
unggas memiliki panjang 17 cm dan lebar 1,1 cm, <i>crop </i>memiliki panjang 4
cm dan lebar 5 cm. Panjang dan lebar <i>proventrikulus </i>pada unggas
masing-masing adalah 3,3 cm dan 2,6 cm, <i>Gizzard </i>pada unggas memiliki
panjang 5,3 cm dan lebar 5 cm. <i>small Intestinum </i>pada unggas memiliki
panjang dan lebar masing-masing 106,2 cm dan 1 cm. Unggas memiliki dua <i>coecum,</i>
yaitu bagian kiri dan bagian kanan. <i>Coecum </i> kiri memiliki panjang
13,6 cm dan lebar 0,7 cm sedangkan coecum kanan memiliki panjang 11,6 cm dan
lebar 1 cm. Large<i> Intestinum</i> pada unggas memiliki panjang 2,6 cm dan
lebar 0,9 cm, panjang <i>Rectum</i> pada unggas ialah 5 cm dan lebar 1,5 cm. <i>Cloaca
</i>unggas memiliki panjang dan lebar masing-masing 4 cm dan 1,3 cm. Menurut
Swenson (1993), panjang seluruh organ pencernaan pada ayam ialah 85 cm dengan
panjang <i>crop </i>7,5 cm, <i>proventrikulus </i>11,5 cm, <i>small intestinum </i>61
cm, <i>coecum </i>5 cm serta <i>rectum </i>dan <i>cloaca </i>4 cm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan perbandingan antara hasil
pengukuran dan literatur diperoleh hasil yang kurang sesuai. Ukuran dari setiap
bagian dari saluran pencernaan berbeda-beda itu </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">disebabkan karena </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beberapa faktor diantaranya ialah </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">organ-organ tersebut sudah diawetkan
sehingga mengalami pengerutan, umur ternak yang masih muda,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penyambungan organ-organ
pencernaan tersebut sudah ada yang putus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem digesti pada unggas
diawali dengan mulut. Mulut unggas tidak mempunyai bibir, pipi, dan gigi.
Makanan yang telah berada dalam mulut langsung ditelan masuk menuju tembolok.
Tembolok merupakan pembesaran <i>oesophagus</i>. Makanan didalam <i>crop</i>
disimpan sementara dan terjadinya pelunakan oleh bakteri (Kamal, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proventrikulus merupakan lambung ayam
yang didalamnya terdapat proses bercampurnya pakan dengan getah lambung. Pakan
yang telah melewati proventrikulus kemudian masuk ke dalam <i>gizzard. Gizzard</i>
menghancurkan pakan dengan kontraksi otot <i>gizzard</i> dan dengan bantuan
grit (Kamal, 1994). Usus halus mempunyai gerakan peristaltik yang mendorong
makanan menuju <i>coecum</i> dan <i>rectum</i> (Tillman, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coecum</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan usus
buntu. Unggas memiliki dua buah <i>coecum</i> (Kamal, 1994). Usus besar unggas
sangat pendek jika dibanding dengan yang lain. Terdapat aktivitas jasad renik
dalam usus besar tetapi sangat rendah dibandingkan dengan hewan non ruminansia
lain (Tillman, 1992). Ekskreta unggas dikeluarkan melalui <i>cloaca</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran yang diperoleh dalam
mengukur organ pencernaan unggas tidak terlalu menyimpang. Berikut ini adalah
tabel panjang pencernaan ayam menurut Swenson (1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 4.4 Panjang Saluran
Pencernaan Pada Ayam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 2.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 2.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.4pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 2.55pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organ Pencernaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 2.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.3pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 2.55pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada umur 20 hari (cm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 2.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.2pt;" valign="top" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 2.55pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada umur 1,5 th (cm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.4pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panjang seluruh saluran pencernaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crop</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proventrikulus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duodenum </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(seluruh usus kecil)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ileum dan Jejunum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coecum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rectum dan cloaca </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.3pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">85</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">49</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.2pt;" valign="top" width="183">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">210</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">120</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11,25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(Swenson, 1993)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kambing atau domba yang merupaka hewan
poligastrik dan tergolong ruminansia melakukan ruminasi pada sitem
pencernaannya. Sistem pencernaan pada poligastrik terdiri dari mulut, <i>oesophagus,</i>
rumen, retikulum, omasum, abomasum, <i>small intestinum</i>, <i>coecum, large
intestinum, rectum,</i> anus. Rumen, retikulum, dan omasum disebut sebagai
perut depan, sedangkan abomasum disebut sebagai perut sejati.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayam (Unggas) merupakan monogastrik
yang hanya memiliki satu bagian lambung. Urutan sistem digesti ayam (unggas)
yang tergolong hewan monogastrik adalah mulut, <i>oesophagsu, crop,
proventrikulus, gizzard, small intestinum, coecum, large intestinum, rectum,
dan cloaca</i>. <i>Cloaca </i>merupakan lubang pada unggas dalam sistem
pembuangan ekskreta, urin, sekaligus sistem reproduksi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blakely,
James and David H. Bade.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1991.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu Peternakan edisi IV</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fraga, M. 1990. Effect of type of
fibre on the rate of passage and on the</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">contribution of soft feces to
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frandson, R.D. 1992. <i>Anatomi dan
Fisiologi Ternak</i>. Yogyakarta. Gadjah Mada University Press.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isnaeni, wiwi. 2006. <i>Fisiologi Hewan</i>.
Yogyakarta. Gadjah Mada University Press.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pound, W.G. 1995. <i>Basic Animal
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-80378560552181794292015-03-02T15:22:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.574-07:00laporan fister (acara III)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ACARA
III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SEL
DARAH MERAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan
pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Erytro</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cy</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">te</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau sel darah merah membawa haemoglobin dalam sirkulasi
sel darah merah berbentuk piring yang biconcave. Pada mamalia sel darah merah
tidak bernukleus kecuali pada awal dan pada hewan-hewan tertentu. Sel darah
merah pada unggas mempunyai nukleus dan berbentuk elips. Sel darah merah ini
terdiri dari air (65%), Hb (33%), dan sisanya terdiri dari sel stroma, lemak,
mineral, vitamin, dan bahan organik lainnya dan ion K (Kusumawati, 2004).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sel
darah merah berwarna merah kekuningan. Warna merah itu berasal dari
haemoglobin, sel darah merah dapat mengikat oksigen karena adanya haemoglobin.
Sel darah merah mengkatalis reaksi antara CO<sub>2</sub> dan air, karena SDM
mengandung anhidrase karbonat dalam jumlahbesar. Reaksi ini memungkinkan darah
bereaksi dengan sejumlah besar CO<sub>2</sub> dan mengangjutnya dari jaringan
ke paru-paru (Pratiwi, 2000).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Darah
merupakan cairan yang berfungsi mengirimkan zat-zat nutrient dan oksigen yang
dibutuhkan oleh tubuh, mengangkut bahan-bahan kimia hasil metabolisme, dan
mengambil limbah dari sel ke jaringan untuk dibuang melalui paru-paru dan
ginjal (Soeharsono, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
hewan volume darah sangat dipengaruhi oleh umur, ukuran fisik, derajat
aktivitas fisik, kesehatan, makanan, laktasi, dan bunting dan faktor fisiologi
seperti ketinggian tempat. Di dalam darah terdapat sistem pengaturan darah,
yaitu oleh Ca dengan air, konstanta, ion natrium dan keseimbangan antara plasma
dengan cairan dalam ruang jaringan serta perubahan dari masa eritrosit yang
disebabkan oleh aksi hormon eritroprotein dalam sumsum tulang belakang (Ganong,
1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.1 Kisaran normal jumlah sel darah
merah pada beberapa spesies</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kisaran normal</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Jumlah SDM/mm<sup>3</sup>.10<sup>6</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; height: 13.1pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 352.7pt;" valign="top" width="470">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7-8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: center 225.65pt left 279.75pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kambing
8-18</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: center 225.65pt left 279.75pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuda
8-14</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: center 225.65pt left 279.75pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba
8-16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: center 225.65pt left 279.75pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Babi
5-8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sel-sel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> darah </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merah yang fungsional</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jumlah
hemoglobin berkurang</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jauh
di bawah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keadaan normal, maka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menyebabkan
anemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anemia</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">karena</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">darah yang kurang</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memadai</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dar</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">igizi
yang tidak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">baik.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selainitu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">juga, disebabkan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hilangnya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">darah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oleh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">karena</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pendarahan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dari</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">luka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ataupun</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">parasit</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cacing</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perut</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kutu.
Anemia juga</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bila </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sel-sel</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">darah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengalami</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hemolisis yang lebih</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cepat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dibandingkan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembentukannya
yang baru, sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bila</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sel-sel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> darah </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merah yang fungsional</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kadar
hemoglobin melebihi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jauh
di atas normal maka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menyebabkan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">polisitemia. Polisitemia</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keadaan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dimana</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">peningkatan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sel</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">darah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akibat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seldarah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merah yang berlebihan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oleh sum-sum tulang (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ganong, 1998</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi dan Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Alat yang digunakan pada praktikum
ini antara lain mikroskop, pipet <i>haemocytometer</i>, kamar hitung Neubauer.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bahan yang digunakan pada praktikum
ini anatara lain larutan hayem dan darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disiapkan
sampel darah yang akan dipakai atau diperiksa. Dihisap smpel darah dengan <i>haemocytometer</i>
sampai skala 0,5. Dibersihkan ujung pipet dengan kapas. Dihisap larutan hayem
dengan pipet sampai skala 101. Ditutup ujung pipet dengan ujung jari, sedang
ujung pipet lain dengan jari tengah, dikocok kurang lebih tiga menit. Dibuang
cairan yang tidak mengandung SDM beberapa tetes. Diteteskan larutan SDM kedalam
kamar hitung Neubauer yang sudah ada kaca penutupnya. Kemudian diperiksa dengan
mikroskop, perbesaran obyektif 10x, kemudian 40x. </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara untuk
menghitung jumlah sel darah merah yaitu dengan rumus:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah sel Darah Merah/ mm<sup>3</sup>
adalah: x. 400/80. 200/0,1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 46.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">= x. 5. 2000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 46.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">= x. 10.000/mm<sup>3</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
x : jumlah sel darah merah pada kelima bilik (kiri atas,
kiri bawah, kanan atas, kanan bawah, dan tengah) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">400 : jumlah
seluruh bilik kecil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80 :
jumlah bilik kecil dari kelima bilik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">200 : pengenceran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,1 : volume
bilik-bilik kecil (1 mm x 1mm x 1mm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
dan Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan percobaaan yang
dilakukan, diperoleh data sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 3.2. Hasil perhitungan sel darah merah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1568;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.9pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.4pt;" valign="top" width="265">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak
SDM</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.9pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilik kiri atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilik kanan atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilik kanan bawah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilik kiri bawah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilik tengah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.4pt;" valign="top" width="265">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">63</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">161</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.9pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.4pt;" valign="top" width="265">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt center 225.65pt right 451.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">327</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah sel darah merah/mm<sup>3</sup>
adalah= x.400/80. 200/0,1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 8.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
=x. 5. 2000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 8.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
=x. 10000/ mm<sup>3</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 8.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
=327. 10000/mm<sup>3</sup> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 8.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">= 3270000/ mm<sup>3</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt 8.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Ganong (1998), jumlah SDM
pada domba 8 sampai 16 juta/ mm<sup>3</sup>. Pada percobaan kali ini
menunjukkan hasil yang kecil, yaitu 3.270.000/ mm<sup>3</sup>. Hasil yang
diperoleh ini berdasarkan percobaan pada sampel darah domba yang diamati dengan
perbesaran 40x10, terlihat sel darah pada setiap bilik.Berdasarkan hasil
percobaan dan perhitungan yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan domba yang menjadi
sampel darah, jumlah sel darah merahnya berada dibawah kisaran normal. Menurut
Guyton (1994), kisaran normal jumlah sel darah merah pada domba sekitar 8-16/mm<sup>3</sup>.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kandungan sel darah merah dalam
berbagai spesies sangat bervariasi. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi, yaitu
umur, jenis kelamin, keja otot, ketinggian tempat, makanan dan iklim (Ganong,
1998). Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa domba dalam keadaan
kurang sehat, salah satu penyebabnya yaitu karena pakan yang belum maksimal,
probandus domba berjenis kelamin jantan dan iklim yang menyebabkan domba
membutuhkan kemampuan beradaptasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kondisi hewan ternak yang kurang
sehat dapat disebabkan pemberian nutrisi yang kurang dan faktor lingkungan yang
buruk. Sel darah merah yang kurang dari kisaran normal dapat menebabkan anemia,
sedangkan kelebihan sel darah merah diatas kisaran normal disebut polisetamia.
Apabila terjadi anemia, maka jumlah oksigen dalam jaringan menjadi berkurang
dan denyut jantung berkurang menyebabkan frekuensi pernapasan pun menjadi naik
(Frandson, 1995). Erytrosite adalah sel darah merah berfungsi untuk mengangkut
oksigen. Didalam sel darah merah terdapat hemoglobin. Hemoglobin dalam darah
dipengaruhi oleh umur, jenis kelamin, pakan, keadaan fisik, cuaca dan penyakit.
Hemoglobin mengikat O<sub>2</sub> secara maksimal yang dibawa dari paru-paru
menuju jaringan tubuh, mengangkut CO<sub>2</sub> dari jaringan tubuh ke
paru-paru, menjaga keseimbangan asam, basa, dan merupakan sumber bilirubin
(Pratiwi, 2000).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berdasarkan percobaan
yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahawa jumlah sel darah merah tiap mm<sup>3</sup>
pada ternakberbeda-beda. Jumlh sel darah merah dipengaruhi oleh ketnggian
tempat, latihan otot dan keadaan emosi, dan temperatur lingkungan yang
meningkat. Banyak atau sedikitnya sel darah merah yang terdapat dalam ternak
akan mempengaruhi kesehatan ternak tersebut. Jika jumlah sel darah merah
dibawah kisaran normal, maka dapat menyebabkan penyakit anemia, sedangkan jika
kelebihan sel darah merah disebut polisetamia. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh
jumlah sel darah merah pada domba yaitu 3.270.000/mm<sup>3</sup>. Jumlah ini
menunjukkan bahwa sel darah merah pada domba dibawah kisaran normal, yaitu 8
sampai 16/mm<sup>3</sup>. 10<sup>7</sup>. Hal ini disebabkan kondisi domba yang
kurang sehat.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ganong. WP. 1998. <i>Review of Medical Physiologi</i>. Long
Medical Publishing Las Atos. California.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kusumawati, Diah. 2004. <i>Bersahabat dengan Hewan Coba</i>.
Gadjah Mada University Press</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yogyakarta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pratiwi, R.A, Sriyanti P.R, dan budiarjo S. 2000. <i>Biologi
Umum</i>. Erlangga. Jakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soharsono. 2010. <i>Fisiologi Ternak</i>. Widya Padjajaran.
Bandung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-57579071836018774992015-03-02T15:18:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.522-07:00laporan fister (acara II)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THERMOREGULASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan
Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thermoregulasi
merupakan proses homestatis untuk menjaga agar suhu tubuh suatu hewan agar tetap
dalam keadaan stabil dengan cara mengatur dan mengontrol keseimbangan antar
banyak energi (panas) yang diproduksi dengan energi yang dilepaskan. Menurut
pengaruh suhu pada lingkungan, hewan dibagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu <i>poikiloterm</i>
dan <i>homoiterm. Poikiloterm</i> suhu tubuhnya dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan,
sehingga suhu tubuhnya dapat berubah – ubah. Hewan <i>homoiterm</i> memiliki
suhu tubuh yang stabil dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan (Dukes, 1995).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaturan
suhu tubuh dilakukan oleh system pengaturan suhu tubuh yang pada dasarnya
tersusun atas 3 komponen yaitu thermoregulasi dan syaraf aferen, hypothalamus,
syaraf aferen dan efektor thermoregulasi. Sistem mempunyai fungsi utama untuk
menjaga supaya suhu selalu berada dalam zona thermoneutral dan hypothalamus
sebagai pusat kontrolnya. Ketika hypothalamus terganggu maka mekanisme
pengaturan suhu tubuh juga akan terganggu dan mempengaruhi thermostat tubuh
manusia (Frandson, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keseimbangan
suhu tubuh dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yaitu faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi
panas dan faktor yang mempengaruhi pengeluaran panas. Panas tersebut berasal
dari aktivitas metabolik dengan jalan pemecahan karbohidrat, lemak dan protein.
Aktivitas otot juga merupakan salah satu usaha didalam penambahan produksi
panas, dimana lebih dari 80% panas tubuh diproduksi daidalam otot skelet selama
terjadi aktivitas otot, tetapi gambaran tersebut jauh lebih rendah apabila
sedang istirahat (Sturkie, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
hewan <i>homoiterm</i> suhunya lebih stabil dan dapat menjaga suhu tubuhnya,
pada suhu – suhu tertentu yang konstan biasanya lebih tinggi dibandingkan
lingkungan sekitarnya. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya reseptor dalam otaknya
sehingga dapat mengatur suhu. Hewan <i>homoiterm</i> dapat melakukan aktifitas
pada suhu lingkungan yang berbeda akibat dari kemampuan mengatur suhu tubuh.
Hewan <i>homoiterm </i>mempunyai variasi temperatur normal yang dipengaruhi
oleh faktor umur, faktor kelamin, faktor lingkungan, faktor panjang siang dan
malam serta faktor makanan yang dikonsumsi. Contoh hewan berdarah panas adalah
bangsa burung atau aves serta mamalia (Swenson, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hewan<i>
poikiloterm</i> atau<i> ektotermik</i> adalah hewan berdarah dingin yang dapat
menyesuaikan suhu tubuhnya dengan suhu lingkungan. Hewan <i>poikiloterm </i>menaikkan
suhu tubuhnya dengan cara menyerap panas dari sekelilingnya dan jumlah panas
yang dihasilkan dari metabolisme. Contoh hewan<i> poikiloterm</i> adalah
pisces, amphibi dan reptilian (Campbell, 2004).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu
tubuh bergantung pada neraca keseimbangan antara panas yang diproduksi
atau diabsorbsi dengan pans yang hilang. Panas yang hilang dapat berlangsung
secara radiasi, konveksi, konduksi, dan evaporasi. Radiasi adalah transfer
energi secara elektromagnetik ,tidak memerlukan medium untuk merambat dengan
kecepatan cahaya. Konduksi merupakan transfer panas secara langsung antara dua
materi padat yang berhubungan langsung tanpa ada transfer panas molekul. Panas
yang menjalar dari suhu tinggi kebagian yang memiliki suhu yang lebih rendah.
Konveksi adalah suatu perambatan panas melalui aliran cairan atau gas. Besarnya
konveksi tergantung pada luas kontak dan perbedaan suhu. Evaporasi merupakan
konveksi dari zar cair menjadi uap air ,besarnya laju konveksi kehilangan panas
karena evaporasi (Martini, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi
dan Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Alat yang digunakan pada praktikum
thermoregulasi adalah thermometer, penjepit katak, arloji (stopwatch), kendi,
beaker glass dan kapas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan yang digunakan pada praktikum
thermoregulasi adalah katak, air es, air panas, dan probandus (manusia).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran
Suhu Tubuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran
pada mulut.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Pertama-tama skala thermometer diturunkan sampai 0</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C, lalu ujung thermometer
dibersihkan. Kemudian dimasukkan kedalam mulut diletakkan dibawah lidah dan mulut
ditutup rapat. Setelah sepuluh menit skala dibaca dan dicatat. Dengan cara yang
sama dilakukan pada mulut terbuka. Kemudian probandus berkumur dengan air es
selama satu menit dan dengan cara yang sama dilakukan pengukuran seperti
diatas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran
pada axillaries.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Pertama-tama skala thermometer diturunkan sampai 0</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C, Ujung thermometer disisipkan pada
fase <i>axillaris</i> dengan pangkal lengan dihimpitkan, setelah sepuluh menit
skala dibaca dan dicatat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
Pelepasan Panas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelepasan
panas pada katak. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertama
katak direntangkan pada papan dan diikat. Suhu tubuh katak diukur melalui <i>oesofagus</i>
selama lima menit. Kemudian katak dimasukkan kedalam air es selama lima menit
dan diukur suhu tubuhnya melalui <i>oesofagus</i>. Selanjutnya katak dimasukkan
kedalam air panas 40</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C selama lima menit dan diukur suhu
tubuhnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelepasan
panas pada kendi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Disiapkan dua kendi yang satu dicat dan yang satu tidak. Masing-masing kendi
diisi dengan air panas 70</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C dengan jumlah yang sama lalu
diukur suhunya dengan thermometer tiap lima menit dicatat suhunya. Proses ini
dilakukan sebanyak enam kali</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil dan Pembahasan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
percobaan yang telah dilakukan didapat hasil yang disajikan dalam tabel,
sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Probandus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Nama Probandus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.3pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.95pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.65pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis
Kelamin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.3pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sugeng prayogi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.95pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.65pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laki-laki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.3pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faras yulia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.95pt;" valign="top" width="169">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.65pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perempuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">A.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran
suhu (<sup>o</sup>C) pada mulut dan axillaris</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Hasil Pengukuran Temperatur (<sup>o</sup>C) pada Mulut dan <i>Axillaris</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 2.25pt; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" width="173">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 9.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlakuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 2.25pt; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" width="184">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 9.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Probandus I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 2.25pt; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" width="173">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 9.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Probandus II</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 89.85pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mulut
tertutup
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mulut terbuka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkumur air es</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mulut terbuka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mulut tertutup</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Axillaris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 89.85pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 37,3 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37,2 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36,5 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 89.85pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 37,5 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37,4 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37,3 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37,1 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37,5 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran
suhu (<sup>o</sup>C) tubuh katak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Hasil Pengukuran Temperatur (<sup>o</sup>C)
Tubuh Katak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 11.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 2.25pt; height: 11.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" width="173">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlakuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 2.25pt; height: 11.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" width="184">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu (<sup>o</sup>C)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 2.25pt; height: 11.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" width="173">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu Katak (<sup>o</sup>C)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 44.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan biasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam air es </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam air panas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 44.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 44.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 129.55pt;" valign="top" width="173">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">C.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
pelepasan panas menggunakan kendi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Hasil Pengukuran Temperatur (<sup>o</sup>C)
Tubuh Katak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 876px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 2.25pt; height: 18.85pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" width="92">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kendi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="7" style="height: 18.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 327.6pt;" width="437">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu (<sup>o</sup>C)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Awal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 46.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 46.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.3pt;" width="92">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bercat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak bercat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 46.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 46.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">59 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 46.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">57 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 46.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">54 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">53 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 46.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">47 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">47 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45 <sup>o</sup>C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
percobaan yang telah dilakukan pada kedua probandus memiliki hasil yang
berbeda. Probandus I suhu didalam mulut yang tertutup adalah 37,3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C dan mulut terbuka adalah 37,2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C, sedangkan untuk pronamdus II suhu
didalam mulut tertutup 37,5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C dan mulut terbuka 37,4</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C . Mulut tertutup suhu yang
tercatat lebih tinggi dibanding suhu tubuh saat mulut terbuka. Hal ini
disebabkan karena tidak adanya sirkulasi udara pada mulut tertutup sehingga
suhu yang terukur secara keeluruhan. Saat mulut terbuka, udara didalam tubuh
suhunya menjadi tinggi karena metabolisme dalam tubuh akan bercampur dengan
udara yang bersuhu rendah sehingga akan tercapai keseimbangan diluar maupun
didalam (Dukes,1995).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percobaan
berikutnya probandus I dan II berkumur dengan air es dan dilakukan pengukuran
suhu tubuh dengan mulut tertutup dan terbuka. Probandus I sihu untuk mulut
tertutup dan terbuka adalah 36,5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C dan 37</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C, sedangkan probandus II adalah
37,3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C dan 37</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. Perbedaan suhu yang terjadi dalam
percobaan ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti faktor umur, kelamin,
lingkungan, panjang waktu siang dan malam, makanan yang dikonsumsi serta
aktivitas (Swenson, 1997)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percobaan
axillaris juga didapatkan hasil yang berbeda pada kedua probandus. Probandus I
memiliki suhu axillaris 37</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C dan probandus II adalah 37,5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. Perubahan suhu yang terjadi pada
kedua probandus menujukkan bahwa manusia tergolong <i>homoiterm</i> atau
berdarah panas yang mampu mengatur suhu tubuhnya agar tetap konstan. <i>Homoiterm</i>
mampu mempertahankan suhu tubuhnya agar tidak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan
sekitar (Swenson, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percobaan
yang dilakukan pada katak menujukkan hasil bahwa suhu tubuh pada katak akan
berubah dan menyesuaikan suhu pada lingkungannya. Ketika katak berada dalam
suhu 29 <sup>o</sup>C maka suhu tubuhnya menjadi 28 <sup>o</sup>C dan suhu
katak pada air es 13 <sup>o</sup>C kemudian dalam air panas adalah 32 <sup>o</sup>C.
Katak merupakan hewan amphibi yang tergolong dalam hewan <i>poikilot</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erm</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau hewan berdarah dingin. Hewan
poikiloterm ini dapat menyesuaikan suhu tubuhnya dengan suhu lingkungan yang
berubah-ubah. Hewan <i>poikilotherm</i> menyesuaikan diri pada lingkungan
dingin dengan menurunkan suhu tubuhnya. Demikian pula pada keadaan panas hewan <i>pokilot</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erm</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> akan meningkatkan suhu tubuhnya
dengan melakukan aktivitas (Dukes, 1995)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percobaan
proses pelepasan panas digunakan dua macam kendi yaitu bercat dan tidak
bercat.percobaan menggunakan kendi bercat dan tidak bercat terdapat hasil yang
berbeda. Kendi yang bercat mampu mempertahankan panasnya lebih lama. Hal ini
dikarenakan pada kendi yang bercat pori-pori tertutup oleh lapisan cat.
Sedangkan pada kendi yang tidak bercat ,proses pelepasan panas terjadi dengan
cepat. Kendi yang tidak bercat ,pada lapisan dindingnya tidak tertutup oleh
lapisan cat sehungga proses pel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">epasam
panas terjadi tanpa adanya hambatan. Cat pada percobaan ini berfungsi sebagai
isolator untuk mengahambat proses pelepasan panas. Proses pelepasan yang
terjadi pada pecobaan tersebut terjadi secara konveksi dan evaporasi. Konveksi
adalah suatu perambatan panas melalui cairan atau gas. Evaporasi atau penguapan
merupakan konveksi dari zat cair menjadi uap (Martini, 1998).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
percobaan yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa makhluk hidup dapat
dibedakan menjadi <i>poikilotherm</i> dan <i>homoitherm</i> berdasarkan antara
hubungan suhu tubuh dengan lingkungannya. Suhu tubuh pada makhluk hidup
dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti faktor umur, faktor kelamin, faktor
lingkungan, faktor panjang siang dan malam, faktor makanan yang dikonsumsi
serta aktivitas yang dilakukannya. Pengaturan suhu tubuh dilakukan oleh system
pengaturan suhu tubuh yang pada dasarnya tersusun atas 3 komponen yaitu
thermoregulasi dan syaraf aferen, hypothalamus, syaraf aferen dan efektor
thermoregulasi. Suhu tubuh bergantung pada neraca keseimbangan antara
panas yang diproduksi atau diabsorbsi dengan pans yang hilang. Panas yang
hilang dapat berlangsung secara radiasi, konveksi, konduksi, dan evaporasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Campbell,N.A.
Jane.B.Reece dan Lawrence.G.Mitchell.2004. <i>Biology </i>. Edisi V . Jilid
3.Jakarta : Erlangga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frandson R.D, 1992, <i>Anatomi dan
Fisiologi Ternak</i>, Edisi IV, Gadjah Mada University Press : Yogyakarta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duke,
N.H. 1995. <i>The</i> <i>physiologis of Domestic Animal</i>. Comstock
Publishing:New York</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Martini.
1998. <i>Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology</i>, 4<sup>th</sup>ed. Prentice
Hall International, Inc. New Jersey.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sturkie, P.D., 1992 <i>Avian
Physiology</i>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, Spingers-Verlag New York, Heidelberg, Berlin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swenson,
G. M. 1997. <i>Dukes Physiology or Domestic Animals</i>. Publishing Co. Inc.
USA.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-76160789782420004092015-03-02T15:14:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.562-07:00laporan praktikum fisiologi ternak (acara 1)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu Fisiologi adalah ilmu yang
mempelajari tentang tata kerja dari berbagai sistem dan peran dari fungsi tubuh
keseluruhannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Ilmu fisiologi ternak</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> secara khusus </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mem</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pelajari
fisiologi dari beberapa ternak, yaitu sapi, ayam, kambing, domba, kelinci, dan
jenis burung melalui percobaan status faali, thermoregulasi<i>, saccus
pneumaticus</i>, sel darah merah, sistem digesti, pembekuan darah, kadar
haemoglobin dalam darah, tekanan darah, dan waktu pendarahan pada manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percobaan status faali bertujuan untuk
mengetahui data-data fisiologi yaitu temperatur rektal, pulsus, dan frekuensi
respirasi pada sapi, kambing, domba, kelinci, dan ayam. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ercobaan
tersebut dapat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan
untuk meng</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">etahui kondisi kesehatan ternak. Hal tersebut dapat
menguntungkan karena semakin dini diketahui kelainan pada seekor ternak maka
penanggulangannya akan semakin mudah untuk diatasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain melalui status faali,
berdasarkan jumlah sel darah merah ternak, dapat diketahui kondisi kesehatannya
dengan melihat/ mengamati dan mengukur jumlah sel darah merah dan
membandingkannya dengan kisaran normal dari jenis ternak tertentu. Praktikum
ini juga mempelajari dan mengetahui fungsi-fungsi dari suatu organ tubuh ternak
yang penting untuk diketahui. Misalnya adalah sistem digesti yaitu mempelajari
organ-organ tubuh ternak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
yang membantu proses digesti</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan kelenjar pencernaan ruminansia dan non ruminansia
yang berfungsi dalam sistem pencernaaannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikianlah sekilas tentang acara
praktikum Dasar Fisiologi Ternak, setiap acara akan dijelaskan dan diulas pada
bab berikutnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 96.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ACARA I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">STATUS
FAALI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem faali
yang meliputi respirasi, pulsus, dan temperatur rektal merupakan suatu
parameter yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi atau keadaan kesehatan suatu
ternak yang dapat dilakukan dengan percobaan langsung (Galem <i>et. al., </i>2012).
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kondisi status faali ternak
merupakan indikasi dari kesehatan dan adaptasi ternak terhadap lingkungannya.
Ternak akan selalu beradaptasi dengan lingkungan tempat hidupnya, apabila
lingkungan dengan suhu dan kelembapan yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan stress
(cekaman) karena sistem pengaturan panas tubuh dengan lingkungannya menjadi
tidak seimbang. Ternak domba termasuk hewan <i>homo</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">therm</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang memiliki kemampuan untuk
mempertahankan suhu tubuhnya agar tetap stabil, sehingga terjadi keseimbangan
antara panas yang diproduksi dengan panas yang dikeluarkan kesekelilingnya
(Gates <i>et</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
al</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">., 1999).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respirasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Respirasi adalah suatu proses dimana pertukaran zat metabolisme dan gas asam
arang atau oksigen yang diambil dari udara oleh parusampaiparu dan mengalami
proses kimia dalam jaringan tubuh yang dilepaskan dalam bentuk karbon dioksida
(CO<sub>2</sub>). Respirasi memiliki dua proses, yaitu respirsi eksternal dan
respirasi internal. Terjadinya pergerakan karbon dioksida ke dalam alveolar ini
disebut respirasi eksternal. Respirasi internal dapat terjadi apabila oksigen
berdifusi ke dalam darah (Campbell, 2001).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Respirasi berfungsi sebagai parameter yang dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman
untuk mengetahui fungsi organsampaiorgan tubuh bekerja secara normal. Fungsi
utama pada respirasi yaitu menyediakan oksigen bagi darah dan mengambil
karbondioksida dari darah. Pengukuran terhadap parameter fisiologis bisa
dilakukan dengan pengukuran respirasi, detak jantung dan temperatur tubuh
(Schmidt, 1997). Kisaran normal respirasi beberapa ternak dapat dilihat pada
tabel 1.1 dibawah ini:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisaran normal respirasi beberapa
ternak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.95pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.95pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kisaran
respirasi (kali per menit)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: white; border: none; height: 15.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.95pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kambing</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border: none; height: 15.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.95pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24-42</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26-54</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26-32</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25-27</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18-23</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Frandson,
1996).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulsus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frekuensi
pulsus atau denyut jantung dikendalikan oleh sistem organ jantung yang
dipengaruhi oleh sistem saraf. Jantung merupakan dua pompa yang menerima darah
dalam arteri dan memompakan darah dari ventrikel menuju jaringan kemudian
kembali lagi. Sistem ini bekerja dengan kombinasi tertentu dan fungsional. Misalnya
saraf efferens, saraf cardial anhibitory, dan saraf accelerate sedangkan
kecepatan denyut jantung dapat dipengaruhi oleh temperatur lingkungan,
aktivitas tubuh, suhu tubuh, latak geografis, penyakit dan stress (Duke’s,
1995).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Frekuensi denyut jantung yang ekstrim pada ternak menandakan kondisi fisiologis
ternak pada saat itu tidak nyaman. Pada ternak besar seperti sapi, pulsus atau
denyut jantung dapat dirasakan dari <i>arteri fasial </i>yang terdapat
disekitar femur horizontal dari mandibula atau dapat juga dirasakan pada <i>arteri
caudalis</i>. Arteri femural pada sisi medial, mudah diraba untuk hewan ternak
seperti kucing, domba, dan kambing. Pada ayam dan kelinci, pulsus dapat diraba
disekitar dada (Frandson, 1996). Kisaran normal pulus beberapa ternak dapat
dilihat pada tabel 1.2 dibawah ini:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Tabel 1.2. Kisaran denyut jantung normal untuk berbagai jenis ternak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 390.0pt;" valign="top" width="520">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisaran </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">denyut jantung ( kali per menit)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 97.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 97.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 390.0pt;" valign="top" width="520">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuda </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23-70</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Babi </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 55-86</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kambing
70-135</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kucing
110-140</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 60-70</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 60</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">120</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anjing
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 100</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">130</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(Frandson,
199</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 223.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperatur Rektal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Temperatur tubuh merupakan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hasil keseimbangan antara produksi panas dan pelepas
panas tubuh. Indeks temperatur dalam tubuh hewan dapat dilakukan dengan
memasukkan termometer rektal ke dalam rektum. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
temperatur tubuh antara lain bangsa ternak, aktivitas ternak, kondisi kesehatan
ternak, dan kondisi lingkungan ternak (Frandson, 1996).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Temperatur domba berkisar antara 37,5 <sup>o</sup>C sampai 40,5 <sup>o</sup>C
(Blight, 1999). Pada domba temperatur rektal mulai naik di atas normal pada
suhu udara 32 <sup>o</sup>C dan terengah-engah pada temperatur 41 <sup>o</sup>C
(Swenson, 1997). Ternak dapat bergerak karena kontraksi otot rangka, kontraksi
otot terjadi akibat perubahan energi kimia yang menjadi energi mekanis. Hal ini
menyebabkan pelepasan kalor tubuh sehingga terjadi peningkatan temperatur tubuh
(Ganong, 2003).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Perbedaan temperatur tubuh disebabkan oleh kondisi eksternal dan aktivitas.
Kita dapat memperkirakan atau mengatakan bahwa sebagian besar burung
temperaturnya 40 ± 2 <sup>o</sup>C, <i>eutherian mamals</i> 38 ± 2 <sup>o</sup>C,
<i>manotherms</i> 31 ± 2 <sup>o</sup>C. Burung dengan ukuran kecil memiliki
temperatur tubuh lebih tinggi daripada burung dengan ukuran tubuh lebih besar.
Tetapi ukuran mamalia tidak ada hubungannya dengan temperatur tubuh
(Schmidt,1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Temperatur tubuh pada unggas berkisar antara 39 <sup>o</sup>C sampai 41 <sup>o</sup>C.
Pembuangan panas tubuh dilakukan ayam pada suhu kurang dari 80 <sup>o</sup>C
dengan radiasi, konveksi, dan konduksi dari seluruh permukaan tubuh ayam. Ayam
adalah hewan <i>homoiterm</i> yaitu hewan yang mempunyai pengatur panas tubuh
konstant, meskipun hewan tersebut hidup pada temperatur lebih rendah atau lebih
tinggi dari temperatur tubuhnnya, sebaliknya apabila penguapan air lewat
saluran pernapasan yang dilakukan secara cepat (Yuwanta, 2000). Kisaran normal
temperatur rektal beberapa ternak dapat dilihat pada tabel 3 dibawah ini:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">isarannya normal </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">emperatur rektal ternak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 396.0pt;" valign="top" width="528">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Hewan
Rata</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">irata temperatur
(ºC) Kisaran (ºC)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 396.0pt;" valign="top" width="528">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kelinci
39,5
38,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40,1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kambing
39,4
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38,5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40,0 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sapi
perah
38,6
38,0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sapi
potong
38,3
36,7</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39,1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ayam
(siang
hari)
41,5
40,6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">43,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(Fra</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dson, 199</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi
dan Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<b>Alat</b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang digunakan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam praktikum
status faali ini </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
termometer rektal, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">termometer batang, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stetoskop,
<i>counter</i>, dan arloji.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang digunakan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam praktikum
status faali ini adalah ternak sebagai probandus, diantaranya ialah ayam
jantan, ayam betina, kelinci jantan, kelinci betina, domba jantan, domba
betina, dan sapi jantan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respirasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengambilan data fisiologis berupa
respirasi dilakukan dengan mendekatkan punggung tangan pada hidung ternak
sehingga terasa hembusan napasnya, ini dilakukan pada sapi dan domba. Pada
kelinci dan ayam dilakukan dengan mengamati kembang kempis pada daerah perut.
Perlakuan tersebut dilakukakn selama satu menit dan diulangi sebanyak tiga
kali, kemudian data yang diperoleh dirata-ratakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulsus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran pulsus pada ayam dan kelinci
dilakukan dengan meletakkan atau menempelkan stetoskop pada bagian dada
sehingga terdengar detak jantungnya. Pada sapi, pengukuran pulsus dilakukan
dengan meraba bagian pangkal ekornya sehingga terasa denyut arteri caudalisnya
sedangkan pada kambing pengukuran pulsus dilakukan denga meraba bagian pangkal
paha sehingga terasa denyut arteri femuralisnya. Perlakuan tersebut dilalkukan
selama satu menit dan diulangi sebanyak tiga kali, hasil yang diperoleh
kemudian dirata-ratakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperatur rektal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran temperatur rektal pada
kelinci, sapi dan domba dilakukan dengan cara memasukan termometer rektal
kedalam rektum hingga sepertiga bagiannya. Pada ayam pengukuran temperatur
dilakukan dengan memasukkan termometer batang kedalam tektum. Perlakuan
tersebut dilakukan selama satu menit dan diulangi sebanyak tiga kali, kemudian
hasil yang diperoleh dirata-ratakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
dan Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari percobaan yang
telah dilakukan dan berdasarkan pengamatan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respirasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Hasil pengukuran respirasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 32.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 32.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 396.0pt;" valign="top" width="528">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Probandus
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran (kali per menit)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
II
III
Rata – rata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 98.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 396.0pt;" valign="top" width="528">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">42</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 42</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba
jantan
147</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">140</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">122</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba
betina
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">69</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">63</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">141</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">133</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 123</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
132</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci
betina
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">103</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">141</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 143</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">129</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayam
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26
24
23 24</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayam
betina
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36
42
33 37</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulsus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Hasil pengukuran pulsus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: 5.4pt; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 1.05pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 31.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 403.5pt;" valign="top" width="538">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Probandus
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran (kali per menit)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
I
II
III Rata</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rata
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 67.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 403.5pt;" valign="top" width="538">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">66</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">82</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80
76</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">85</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 84
83</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba
betina
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">89</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">91</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 99
93</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">162</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">113</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">126
134</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci
betina
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 98</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">103</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 114
105</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayam
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">143</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">152</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">146
147</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 5.45pt; mso-element-top: 1.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayam
betina
1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">69</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">169</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">178
172</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperatur Rektal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 15.9pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 27.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 27.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 390.8pt;" valign="top" width="521">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Probandus
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran (</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
I
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II
III Rata–rata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 98.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 98.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 390.8pt;" valign="top" width="521">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi
jantan
39</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,4</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,3</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38,5</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
39</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40,5</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40,5</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 40,5</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba
betina
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
39</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,2</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 39</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,2</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci
jantan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36,6</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
38 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
38,2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelinci
betina
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36,6</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7
36,8</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 38,8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayam
jantan
4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 15.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayam
betina
40
40
40
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
Hasil pengukuran temperatur rektal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Respirasi</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Berdasarkan percobaan dan pengamatan yang dilakukan pada praktikum status faali
ini, diperoleh hasil pengukuran rata-rata respirasi pada sapi jantan adalah 42
kali per menit. Menurut Frandson (1996), kisaran normal respirasi pada sapi
adalah 24 sampai 42 kali per menit. Rata-irata respirasi pada domba jantan
adalah 136 kali per menit dan betina 69 kali per menit. Menurut Fransond
(1996), kisaran respirasi normal pada domba 26 sampai 32 kali per menit.
Rata-rata respirasi pada kelinci jantan adalah 132 kali per menit dan betina
129 kali per menit. Menurut Frandson (1996), kisaran normal respirasi kelinci
adalah 25 sampai 27 kali per menit. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam praktikum sangat
jauh berbeda dengan kisaran normal, hal tersebut terjadi pada domba dan
kelinci. Selanjutnya hasil rata-rata respirasi pada ayam jantan adalah 24 kali
per menit dan betina 37 kali per menit. Menurut Frandson (1996), kisaran normal
respirasi pada ayam adalah 18 sampai 23 kali per menit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Pada sapi, hasil percobaan dengan kisaran normal menunjukkan bahwa sapi dalam
keadaan sehat. Kemudian pada domba baik jantan maupun betina, hasil percobaan
menunjukkan perbedaan yang cukup signifikan dengan kisaran normal. Hal tersebut
dikarenakan probandus dalam keadaan stress atau takut karena perlakuan dari
praktikan. Menurut Frandson (1996), kondisi lingkungan dan kesehatan ternak
dapat mempengaruhi frekuensi denyut jantung dan pernapasan. Apabila ternak
berada dalam keadaan yang terancam atau tidak nyaman maka ternak akan beradaptasi
dengan cepat atau akan mengalami stress. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada
kelinci dan ayam, pada saat pengambilan data, perlakuan terhadap probandus
sedikit kasar karena adanya perlawanan. Perlakuan tersebut menyebabkan ternak
terus bergerak dan dengan aktivitas tubuh yang demikian menyebabkan frekuensi
respirasi meningkat. Menurut Frandson (1996), besar kecilnya frekuensi denyut
jantung, respirasi, dan temperatur rektal dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor
eksteral, diantaranya ialah aktivitas tubuh, ukuran tubuh, spesies, dan kondisi
kesehatan ternak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulsus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Pulsus merupakan denyut jantung, berdasarkan praktikum yang dilakukan diperoleh
hasil pengukuran pulsus sapi jantan adalah 76 kali per menit. Menurut
Blight (1999), kisaran normal pulsus sapi adalah 60 sampai 70 kali per menit.
Hasil pengamatan berbeda dengan kisaran normal, hal ini dikarenakan sapi dalam
keadaan stress pada saat praktikan melakukan pengambilan data. Keadaan yang
dirasa mengganggu bagi ternak dapat mengakibatkan stress atau kegelisahan
(Ganong, 2003). Pada domba jantan, hasil perhitungan pulsusnya adalah 83 kali
per menit dan betina 93 kali per menit. Menurut Blight (1999), kisaran
normalnya adalah 60 sampai 120 kali per menit. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan
kesesuaian dengan kisaran normal, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa baik domba jantan
maupun domba betina dalam keadaan sehat atau normal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Pada kelinci, menurut Blight (1999), kisaran normalnya adalah 123 sampai 300
kali per menit. Menurut hasil percobaan jumlah pulsus pada sapi jantan adalah
134 kali per menit dan betina 105 kali per menit. Dari hasil tersebut dapat
dilihat bahwa kelinci jantan dalam keadaan sehat atau normal sedangkan kelinci
betina dalam kondisi tidak normal atau dalam keadaan stress karena perlakuan praktikan
selama proses pengambilan data. Menurut Blight (1999), besar kecilnya pulsus,
intensitas respirasi, dan temperatur rektal dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor,
diantaranya ialah kegiatan fisik atau tubuh, kondisi kesehatan ternak, jenis
ternak, dan ukuran dan berat tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Pada ayam jantan diperoleh hasil perhitungan pulsus sebanyak 147 kali per menit
dan betina 172 kali per menit. Menurut Frandson (1996), kisaran pulsus ayam
adalah 250 sampai 470 kali per menit. Hasil tersebut berada jauh di bawah
kisaran normalnya, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa ayam jantan dan betina dalam
keadaan sakit atau stress, hal ini dapat disebabkan karena kondisi lingkungan
dan probandus merasa terganggu atau terancam dengan kehadiran serta perlakuan
dari praktikan. Keadaan yang yang dirasa mengganggu bagi ternak dapat
mengakibatkan stress atau kegelisahan (Ganong, 2003). Kirsaran pulsus pada
hewan besar lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan kisaran pulsus pada hewan
kecil, karena metabolisme pada hewan yang bertubuh kecil semakin tinggi. Faktor
yang mempengaruhi pulsus adalah temperatur lingkungan, pakan, aktivitas latihan
otot, dan tidur (Ganong, 2003).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperatur rektal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Temperatur rektal digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi kesehatan yang dapat
dilihat dari suhu tubuh probandus. Menurut Duke’s (1995), bahwa kisaran normal
temperatur rektal pada sapi adalah 37,2 sampai 39 <sup>o</sup>C. Sapi
jantan dapat dikatakan dalam keadaan sehat atau normal dengan hasil pengukuran
suhu rektal 38,7 <sup>o</sup>C yang masih berada dalam kisaran normal. Pada
domba jantan dan betina, menurut Duke’s (1995), kisaran normal temperaturnya
adalah 38 sampai 40 <sup>o</sup>C. Domba jantan memiliki temperatur rektal 39,1
<sup>o</sup>C yang menunjukkan domba jantan dalam keadaan sehat atau normal
sedangkan domba betina memiliki suhu rektal 40,5 <sup>o</sup>C yang memilki
sedikit perbedaan dengan kisaran normalnya, tetapi meskipun demikian
diasumsikan domba betina dalam keadaan stress. Pada kelinci jantan suhunya
adalah 37,13 <sup>o</sup>C dan betina 36,8<sup> o</sup>C. Keadaan ini
menunjukkan bahwa kelinci jantan dan betina dalam keadaan kurang sehat atau
stress, karena suhu hasil pengukuran berada di bawah kisaran normal. Menurut
Duke’s (1995), kisaran normalnya adalah 39 sampai 40,3 <sup>o</sup>C. Pada ayam
jantan kisaran normalnya adalah 41,5 sampai 41,9<sup> o</sup>C. Hasil percobaan
menunjukkan pada ayam jantan dan betina memiliki suhu rektal 40 <sup>o</sup>C.
Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ayam jantan dan betina dalam keadaan stress, karena
beberapa faktor eksternal seperti kondisi lingkungan maupun faktor internal
seperki kondisi kesehatan. Menurut Duke’s (1995), bahwa temperatur rektal pada
terbak dipengaruhi beberapa faktor yaitu temperatur lingkungan, aktivitas,
pakan, minuman dan pencernaan. Produksi panas oleh tubuh secara tidak langsung
tergantung pada makanan yang diperolehnya dan banyaknya persediaan makanan
dalam saluran pencernaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Dalam percobaan yang dilakukan, suhu lingkungan ternak, kelembaban udara, dan
tekanan dari praktikan memilki pengaruh yang cukup besar terhadap kondisi
ternak. Suhu dan kelembaban udara yang tinggi akan menyebabkan stress pada
ternak sehingga suhu tubuh, respirasi, dan denyut jantung meningkat, serta
konsumsi pakan menurun akhirnya produktivitas ternak menurun. Ternak akan
selalu beradaptasi dengan lingkungan tempat hidupnnya. Apabila terjadi perubahan,
maka ternak akan mengalami stress. Jadi, lingkungan sangat memegang peranan
penting dalam hal kondisi kesehatan ternak (Swenson, 1997).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berdasarkan
praktikum yang telah dilak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">u</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kan dapat disimpulkan bahwa setiap probandus memiliki
kisaran data fisiologis berbeda meliputi jumlah respirasi, pulsus, dan
temperatur rektal. Pengujian status faali memberi informasi sehingga keadaan
ternak dapat diketahui apakah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam kondisi</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sehat atau tidak. Faktor</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">faktor yang
mempengaruhi antara lai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
keadaan temperatur lingkungan, kelembaban, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ketinggian</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tempa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t, stress dan
penyakit</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dari data yang
diperoleh, sapi jantan, domba jantan dan domba betina dalam keadaan sehat
sedangkan kelinci jantan, kelinci betina, ayam jantan dan ayam betina dalam
keadan stress atau sakit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blight, D.B., R.A. Meece., and A. Thomas. 1999<i>. Animal
and Sciences Aplication. </i>Alpha Publishing. Co. California.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Campbell, N.A., L.G. Mitchell, J.B.
Reece.2001.<i> Biology. </i>Singapore: The Benyaminper Cummings Publishing. Co.
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duke’s. 1995. <i>Phisology of Domestic Animal. </i>Camel:
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frandson, R.D. 199</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<i> Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak. </i>Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada
University Press</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Schmict, K., and Neilsen. 1997<i>. Animal Phisology 5<sup>th
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yuwanta, T. 2000.<i> Dasar Ternak Unggas.</i>Yogyakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-45135905703396686212015-01-03T18:52:00.000-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.497-07:00MAKALAH ILMU KESEHATAN TERNAK Penyakit cacar atau Fowl pok (FP)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MAKALAH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ILMU KESEHATAN TERNAK</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://rahmaningsi.blogspot.com/2014/11/penyakit-cacar-atau-fowl-pok-fp.html"><span style="color: blue;">Penyakit cacar atau Fowl pok (FP)</span></a></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">بِسْــــــــــــــمِ
اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيْـــــمِ</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Puji
syukur Alhamdulillah saya panjatkan kepada Allah, karena atas rahmat, taufik,
dan hidayah-Nylah sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan Makalah Mengenai </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">“</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit cacar atau Fowl pok (FP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">” </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebagai salah satu syarat untuk
lulus mata kuliah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ilmu Kesehatan Ternak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada kesempatan kali ini, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">saya</span> mengucapkan terima kasih kepada
pihak yang telah meluangkan waktunya untuk membantu <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">saya</span> dalam menyelesaikan makalah ini. Serta terima kasih kepada
teman-teman atas kerja samanya dalam penyusunan makalah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan Makalah ini, tentu
masih terdapat beberapa kesalahan dan masih jauh dari yang diharapkan. Maka
dari itu, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">saya</span> membutuhkan
kritik dan saran yang bersifa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> membangun,
agar kedepannya dapat mencapai kesempurnaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akhir kata, semoga Makalah ini dapat
digunakan dan dimanfaatkan bagi kita semua. Amin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makassar,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2014</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penulis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengembangan usaha ternak </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">layer<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (ayam petelur) di Indonesia masih
memiliki prospek yang bagus, terlebih lagi konsumsi protein hewani masih kecil.
Sesuai standar nasional, konsumsi protein per hari per kapita ditetapkan 55 g
yang terdiri dari 80% protein nabati dan 20% protein hewani (www.litbang.deptan.co.id).
Hal itu berarti target konsumsi protein hewani sekitar 11 g/hari/perkapita.
Namun yang terjadi, konsumsi protein hewani penduduk Indonesia baru memenuhi
4,7 g/hari/perkapita, jauh lebih rendah dibanding Malaysia, Thailand dan
Filipina.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam dunia peternakan, kita tidak asing lagi dengan ayam yang sengaja
diternakan untuk dihasilkan daging atau telurnya, karena sudah banyak
peternakan ayam yang menyebar diseluruh Indonesia bahkan sampai diluar negeri,
baik peternkan pabrik ataupun peternakan individu. Ayam itu sendiri terbagi ke
dalam dua jenis yaitu ayam jenis pedaging dan ayam jenis petelur. Ayam jenis
pedaging, pastinya dibudidayakan karena untuk dihasilkan daging dalam jumlah
yang banyak dengan kualitas yang baik, sedangkan ayam petelur dibudidayakan
untuk dihasilkan telur dengan jumlah yang banyak dan kualitas yang baik. Dalam
beternak, kita perlu memperhatikan mulai dari pakan, kandang, penyakit serta
pengobatannya, sifat genetikanya, asal usulnya, vaksinasi dan sebagainya. Kami
melakukan kunjungan atau observasi ke peternak dengan maksut untuk mengetahui
situasi dalam membudidayakan ternak khususnya komoditi ayam petelur, yang
dipilih oleh peternaknya tersebut. Ayam Petelur tersebut dipilih untuk
dijadikan pilihan dalam beternak karena dirasa ayam petelur tersebut mampu
untuk menghasilkan telur dalam jumlah yang cukup dengan waktu yang cepat.
Sehingga peternak tersebut memilih komoditi ayam petelur untuk diternakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam hal kandang yang perlu diperhatikan diantaranya yaitu pendirian kandang
yang jauh dari pemukiman, tapi dekat dengan sumber pakan, air, dan pemasaran.
Selain itu yang perlu diperhatikan yaitu mengenai struktur atau desain kandang,
bahan kandang yang dipakai, memperhatikan sanitasi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sirkulasi udara, suhu pada kandang, kapasitas
yang baik untuk jumlah ternak yang dihuni didalamnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam hal penyakit pada ayam petelur juga perlu diperhatikan karena
sangat penting juga dalam hal mengawinkan ternaknya, agar anakannya yang
dihasilkan nanti dalam kulaitas yang baik. Penyakit pada ayam umumnya sama,
yaitu diantaranya penyakit tetelo, pilek atau flu, cacar ayam dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan penulisan makalah .......................... download full disini <a href="http://adf.ly/vq2lz">http://adf.ly/vq2lz</a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-13936774538924098972015-01-03T18:46:00.004-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.417-07:00PUBERTAS, SPERMATOGENESIS DAN OOGENESIS <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN
PUBERTAS, FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI DAN UMUR TERRJADINYA PUBERTAS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pubertas adalah umur atau waktu
di mana organ-o<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;">rgan </span>reproduksi mulai
berfu<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">ngsi</span> dan berkembang<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">. Pube</span>rtas tidak menandakan kapasitas
reproduksi yang normal dan sempurna<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">.Pubertas</span>
pada hewan jantan ditandai dengan kesanggupan berk<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">opul</span>asi dan menghasilkan sperma disamping perubahan-perubahan alat
kelamin sekunder. Sedangkan pada hewan betina ditandai dengan <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">adan</span>ya estrus dan <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">ovul</span>asi<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">. Pubertas</span>
terjadi s<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">ebelum</span> dewasa tubuh
tercapai, sehingga hewan muda harus menyediakan makanan untuk pert<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;">umbu</span>han dan perkemb<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">angan</span> tubuh. Estrus dan <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">ovul</span>asi
pertama pada hewan betina disertai oleh kenaikan ukuran dan berat organ
reproduksi secara cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pert<span style="letter-spacing: -1.7pt;">umbu</span>han dan perkemb<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">angan</span>
organ- organ kelamin betina sewaktu pubertas dipengaruhi oleh hormon
GONADOTROPIN dan hormon-hormon go<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;">nada</span>
l (tertosteron dan estrogen). Hormon Folikel Stimullating Hormon (FSH) pelep<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">asann</span>ya dalam <span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">darah</span> menyebabkan pert<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;">umbu</span>hn
Folikel ± Folikel Ovari<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;">um. Ke</span>tika
Folikel t<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;">umbu</span>h, matang dan berat
ovari<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;">um meninggi,</span> maka estrogen
dilepaskan kealiran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>darah oleh ovarium
yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan saluran kelamin betina<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;">.folikel yang matang akan dilepaskan dan terjadi</span>
ovulasi, hal ini dibawah pengaruh hormon LH(Lutainizing Hormon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pubertas
didefenisikan sebagai umur pada saat estrus p-ertama kali yang disertai
ovulasi. Pebertas terjadi ketika gonadotropin dihasilkan oleh hypopysis
anterior dalam konsentrasi yang cukup tinggi untuk menginisiasi pertumbuhan
folikel dan ovulasi. Pertumbuhan folikel dan ovulasi. Pertumbuhan folikel dan
ovulasi. Pertumbuhan folikel dapat dideteksi beberapa bulan sebelum pubertas
(Anonim, 2004).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejumlah
faktor lingkungan mempunyai pengaruh yang menonjol pada umur saat pubertas.
Pada umumnya setiap faktor yang mengurangi kecepatan pertumbuhan, dengan
demikian mencegah ekspresi potensial genetik akan menunda pubertas. Faktor
lingkungannya seperti makanan, kesehatan, sanitasi, umur, temperatur, hereditas,
tingkat pelepasan homon, berat, dan lain sebagainya (Anonim, 2004).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur
dan berat pada saat pubertas dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor genetik.
Rata-rata umur pada saat pubertas adalah 4-7 bulan pada babi, 7-10 bulan pada
domba, 8-11 bulan pada sapi, 15-24 bulan pada kuda. Berat badan ras-ras dalam
satu spesies tertentu tergantung pada ukuran dewasa ras tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pubertas
normalnya dicapai pada umur 7-12 bulan atau dengan kata lain 2-3 bulan sesudah
betina mencapai berat badan dewasa. Jenis anjing kecil pubertasnya lebih awal
dari jenis besar, sebab berat badan dewasa dicapai umur lebih awal. Anjing
betina memsuki pubertas bebrapa bulan sebelum anjing jantan. Pada anjing beagle
umur estrus pertama rata-rata kurang lebih 15 hari (Junaidi, 2001).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai
faktor dapat mempengaruhi permulaan pubertas. Induk jantan dapat mempengaruhi
waktu estrus pertama kali pada anak betinanya. Anjing yang hidup bebas dan
anjing domestik yang dapat berkelana dengan bebas secara seksual lebih awal
dewasanya daripada anjing yang di kennel (Junaidi., 2001).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 1. Umur pubertas dan perkawinan pertama yang
dianjurkan pada hewan jantan.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis
ternak</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur
pada pubertas</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(bulan)</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur
yang dianjurkan pada perkawinan pertama</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(bulan)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rata-rata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisaran</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuda</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12—24</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18—24</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6—18</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18—24</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Domba</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4—12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10—14</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Babi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4—8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6—8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN
SPERMATOGENESIS BESERTA MEKANISME TERJADINYA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatogenesis adalah
proses pembentukan dan pemasakan spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis terjadi di
tubulus seminiferus. Peralihan dari bakal sel kelamin yang aktif membelah
ke sperma yang masak serta menyangkut berbagai macam perubahan struktur yang
berlangsung secara berurutan. Spermatogenesis berlangsung pada tubulus
seminiferus dan diatur oleh hormone gonadtotropin dan testosterone.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatogenesis
terjadi di testis. Didalam testis terdapat tublus seminiferus. Dinding tubulus
seminiferus terdiri dari jaringan epitel dan jaringan ikat, pada jaringan
epithelium terdapat sel – sel spermatogonia dan sel sertoli yang berfungsi
member nutrisi pada spermatozoa. Selain itu pada tubulus seminiferus terdapat
pula sel leydig yang mengsekresikan hormone testosterone yang berperan pada
proses spermatogenesis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatogenesis
mencakup pematangan sel epitel germinal melalui proses pembelahan dan
diferensiasi sel, yang bertujuan untuk membentuk sperma fungsional. Pematangan
sel terjadi di tubulus seminiferus yang kemudian disimpan di epididimis.
Dinding tubulus seminiferus tersusun dari jaringan ikat dan jaringan epitelium
germinal (jaringan epitelium benih) yang berfungsi pada saat spermatogenesis.
Pintalan-pintalan tubulus seminiferus terdapat di dalam ruang-ruang testis
(lobulus testis). Satu testis umumnya mengandung sekitar 250 lobulus testis.
Tubulus seminiferus terdiri dari sejumlah besar sel epitel germinal (sel epitel
benih) yang disebut <b>spermatogonia</b> (spermatogonium = tunggal).
Spermatogonia terletak di dua sampai tiga lapisan luar sel-sel epitel tubulus
seminiferus. Spermatogonia terus-menerus membelah untuk memperbanyak diri,
sebagian dari spermatogonia berdiferensiasi melalui tahap-tahap perkembangan
tertentu untuk membentuk sperma.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tubulus
seminiferus terdapat sel-sel induk spermatozoa atau spermatogonium, sel
Sertoli, dan sel Leydig. <b>Sel Sertoli</b> berfungsi memberi makan
spermatozoa sedangkan <b>sel Leydig</b> yang terdapat di antara
tubulus seminiferus berfungsi menghasilkan testosteron.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PROSES SPERMATOGENESIS</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses pembentukan dan pemasakan
spermatozoa disebut <b>spermatogenesis</b>. Spermatogenesis terjadi di tubulus
seminiferus. Spermatogenesis mencakup pematangan sel epitel germinal melalui
proses pembelahan dan diferensiasi sel, yang bertujuan untuk membentuk sperma
fungsional. Pematangan sel terjadi di tubulus seminiferus yang kemudian
disimpan di epididimis. Dinding tubulus seminiferus tersusun dari jaringan ikat
dan jaringan epitelium germinal (jaringan epitelium benih) yang berfungsi pada
saat spermatogenesis. Pintalan-pintalan tubulus seminiferus terdapat di dalam
ruang-ruang testis (lobulus testis). Satu testis umumnya mengandung sekitar 250
lobulus testis. Tubulus seminiferus terdiri dari sejumlah besar sel epitel
germinal (sel epitel benih) yang disebut <b>spermatogonia</b> (spermatogonium =
tunggal). Spermatogonia terletak di dua sampai tiga lapisan luar sel-sel epitel
tubulus seminiferus. Spermatogonia terus-menerus membelah untuk memperbanyak
diri, sebagian dari spermatogonia berdiferensiasi melalui tahap-tahap
perkembangan tertentu untuk membentuk sperma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tubulus
seminiferus terdapat sel-sel induk spermatozoa atau spermatogonium, sel
Sertoli, dan sel Leydig. <b>Sel Sertoli</b> berfungsi memberi makan spermatozoa
sedangkan <b>sel Leydig</b> yang terdapat di antara tubulus seminiferus
berfungsi menghasilkan testosteron.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses
pembentukan spermatozoa dipengaruhi oleh kerja beberapa hormon yang dihasilkan
kelenjar hipofisis yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">LH (Luteinizing Hormone)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> merangsang
sel Leydig untuk menghasilkan hormon testosteron. Pada masa pubertas,
androgen/testosteron memacu tumbuhnya sifat kelamin sekunder.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">FSH (Folicle Stimulating Hormone</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">) merangsang
sel Sertoli untuk menghasilkan ABP (Androgen Binding Protein) yang akan memacu
spermatogonium untuk memulai proses spermatogenesis. Proses pemasakan
spermatosit menjadi spermatozoa disebut <b>spermiogenesis</b>. Spermiogenesis
terjadi di dalam epididimis dan membutuhkan waktu selama 2 hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses Spermatogenesis :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap pembentukan spermatozoa dibagi atas tiga tahap yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.
Spermatocytogenesis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan
spermatogonia yang mengalami mitosis berkali-kali yang akan menjadi spermatosit
primer.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatogonia merupakan struktur
primitif dan dapat melakukan reproduksi (membelah) dengan cara mitosis.
Spermatogonia ini mendapatkan nutrisi dari sel-sel sertoli dan berkembang
menjadi <b>spermatosit primer</b>. Spermatogonia yang bersifat diploid (2n atau
mengandung 23 kromosom berpasangan), berkumpul di tepi membran epitel germinal
yang disebut spermatogonia tipe A. Spermatogonia tipe A membelah secara mitosis
menjadi spermatogonia tipe B. Kemudian, setelah beberapa kali membelah, sel-sel
ini akhirnya menjadi spermatosit primer yang masih bersifat diploidSpermatosit
primer mengandung kromosom diploid (2n) pada inti selnya dan mengalami meiosis.
Satu spermatosit akan menghasilkan dua sel anak, yaitu spermatosit sekunder.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.
Tahapan Meiois</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatosit
primer menjauh dari lamina basalis, sitoplasma makin banyak dan segera
mengalami meiosis I menghasilkan <b>spermatosit sekunder</b> yang n kromosom
(haploid). Spermatosit sekunder kemudian membelah lagi secara meiosis II
membentuk empat buah <b>spermatid</b> yang haploid juga.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sitokenesis
pada meiosis I dan II ternyata tidak membagi sel benih yang lengkap terpisah,
tapi masih berhubungan lewat suatu jembatan (Interceluler bridge). Dibandingkan
dengan spermatosit I, spermatosit II memiliki inti yang gelap.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Tahapan
Spermiogenesis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan
transformasi spermatid menjadi <b>spermatozoa</b> yang meliputi 4 fase yaitu
fase golgi, fase tutup, fase akrosom dan fase pematangan. Hasil akhir berupa
empat spermatozoa (sperma) masak. Ketika spermatid dibentuk pertama kali,
spermatid memiliki bentuk seperti sel-sel epitel. Namun, setelah spermatid
mulai memanjang menjadi sperma, akan terlihat bentuk yang terdiri dari kepala
dan ekor.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila
spermatogenesis sudah selesai, maka ABP testosteron (Androgen Binding Protein
Testosteron) tidak diperlukan lagi, sel Sertoli akan menghasilkan <b>hormon
inhibin</b> untuk memberi umpan balik kepada hipofisis agar menghentikan
sekresi FSH dan LH.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatozoa
akan keluar melalui uretra bersama-sama dengan cairan yang dihasilkan oleh
kelenjar vesikula seminalis, kelenjar prostat dan kelenjar cowper. Spermatozoa
bersama cairan dari kelenjar-kelenjar tersebut dikenal sebagai semen atau air
mani. Pada waktu ejakulasi, seorang laki-laki dapat mengeluarkan 300 – 400 juta
sel spermatozoa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TAHAP –
TAHAP SPERMATOGENESIS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada testis, spermatogenesis terjadi di tubulus
seminiferus. Berikut adalah skema tahapan spermatogenesis :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penjelasan
skema tahap spermatogenesis :</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
dinding tubulus seminiferus telah ada calon sperma
(spermatogonium/spermatogonia) yang berjumlah ribuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setiap
spermatogonia melakukan pembelahan mitosis kemudian mengakhiri sel somatisnya
membentuk spermatosit primer yang siap miosis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatosit primer (2n) melakukan pembelahan meiosis
pertama membentuk 2<br />
spermatosit sekunder (n)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tiap
spermatosit sekunder melakukan pembelahan meiosis kedua, menghasilkan 2
spermatid yang bersifat haploid. (n)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keempat spermatid ini berkembang menjadi sperma matang
yang bersifat haploid yang semua fungsional , yang berbeda dengan oogenesis
yang hanya 1 yang fungsional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sperma yang matang akan menuju epididimis , kemudian
ke vas deferens- vesicula seminalis - urethra dan berakhir dengan ejakulasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN
OOGENESIS BESERTA PROSES TERJADINYA OOGENESIS</span></b></div>
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</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oogenesis
merupakan proses pembentukan ovum di dalam ovarium. Tidak seperti
spermatogenesis yang dapat menghasilkan jutaan sperma dalam waktu yang
bersamaan, oogenesis hanya mampu menghasilkan satu ovum matang sekali waktu.
Oogenesis dimulai dengan pembentukkan bakal sel-sel telur yang disebut oogonia.
Terjadi dalam organ reproduksi betina yaitu ovarium. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme
oogenesis sangat berbeda dengan spermatogenesis, walaupun memiliki persamaan
dalam proses meiosis. Diantara kelahiran dan masa pubertas, sel-sel telur dalam
hal ini oosit membesar dan folikel disekitarnya tumbuh. Selanjutnya oosit
primer mereplikasi DNA dan memasuki profase meiosis I dan tidak berkembang
lebih lanjut jika tidak diaktifkan oleh hormon FSH (Follicle stimulating
hormone).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seperti
halnya pada spermatogenesis, oogenesis pun memiliki tahap, diantaranya:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proliferasi
(perbanyakan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahap
perbanyakan belangsung secara berulang-ulang. Gametogonium membelah menjadi 2,
2 menjadi 4, 4 menjadi 8 dan seterusnya. Sel benih primordial berdiferensiasi
menjadi oogonium, lalu mengalami proliferasi untuk membentuk oosit primer, siap
memasuki periode tumbuh. Padamamalia masa proliferasi terjadi dalam kandungan
induk.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
pertumbuhan, oogonium akan tumbuh membesar menjadi oogonium I. Pertumbuhan
sangat memegang peranan penting, karena sebagian besar dari substansi telur
digunakan dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. Diferensiasi juga terdapat pada
periode tumbuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pematangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
proses ini terdapat 2 kali pembelahan meiosis. Setelah terjadi fase pertumbuhan,
oogonium I mengalami tahap pematangan, yang berlangsung secara meiosis. Akhir
meiosis I terbentuk oogonium II dan akhir meiosis II terbentuk ootid.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan
bentuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ootid
dalam fase terkhir akan mengalami perubahan bentuk (transformasi)menjadi gamet.
Pada mamalia, selesai meiosis I pada betina, terbentuk oosit II dan satu
polosit. Polosit jauh lebih kecil dari oosit, karena sitoplasma sedikit sekali.
Akhir dari meiosis II akan terbentuk satu ootid dan satu polosit II. Sementara
itu polosit I membelah pula menjadi dua, tapi jarang terjadi karena
berdegenerasi lebih awal. Tiga polosit tersebut akan berdegenerasi lalu diserap
kembali oleh tubuh. Jadi pada betina oosit tumbuh menjadi 1 ovum. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses terjadinya oogenesis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Oogenesis merupakan proses pembentukan
ovum di dalam ovarium. Di dalam ovarium terdapat oogonium (oogonia = jamak)
atau sel indung telur. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oogonium</b>
bersifat diploid dengan 46 kromosom atau 23 pasang kromosom. Oogonium akan
memperbanyak diri dengan cara mitosis membentuk <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oosit primer</b>. Oogenesis telah dimulai saat bayi perempuan masih di
dalam kandungan, yaitu pada saat bayi berumur 5 bulan dalam kandungan. Pada
saat bayi perempuan berumur 6 bulan, oosit primer akan membelah secara <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">meiosis</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Namun meiosis tahap pertama pada oosit primer ini tidak
dilanjutkan sampai bayi perempuan tumbuh menjadi anak perempuan yang mengalami
pubertas. Oosit primer tersebut adalam keadaan istirahat (dorman).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada saat bayi perempuan lahir, di
dalam setiap ovariumnya mengandung sekitar satu juta oosir primer. Saat
mencapai pubertas, anak perempuan hanya memiliki sekitar 200 ribu oosit primer
saja. Sedangkan oosit lainnya mengalami degenerasi selama pertumbuhannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat
memasuki masa pubertas, anak perempuan akan mengalami perubahan hormon yang
menyebabkan oosit primer melanjutkan meiosis tahap pertamanya. Oosit yang
mengalami meiosis I akan menghasilkan dua sel yang tidak sama ukurannya. Sel
oosit pertama merupakan oosit yang berukuran normal (besar) yang disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oosit sekunder, </b>sedangkan sel yang
berukuran lebih kecil disebut<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> badan
polar pertama (polosit primer).</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selanjutnya,
oosit sekunder melanjutkan tahap meiosis II (meiosis kedua). Namun pada meiosis
II, oosit sekunder tidak langsung diselesaikan sampai tahap akhir, melainkan
berhenti sampai terjadinya ovulasi. Jika tidak terjadi fertilisasi, oosit
sekunder akan mengalami degenerasi dan luruh bersama dinding rahim, dimana
kejadian ini disebut dengan menstruasi. Namun jika ada sperma yang masuk ke
oviduk, meiosis II pada oosit sekunder akan dilanjutkan kembali. Akhirnya
meiosis II pada oosit sekunder akan menghasilkan satu sel besar yang disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ootid </b>dan satu sel yang kecil disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">badan polar kedua (polosit sekunder)</b>.
Badan polar pertama juga membelah menjadi dua badan polar. Akhirnya, ada tiga
badan polar dan satu ootid yang akan berkembang menjadi ovum dari oogenesis
setiap satu oogonium. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oosit
dalam oogonium berada dalam suatu folikel telur. Folikel telur atau disingkat
folikel merupakan sel pembungkus penuh cairan yang mengelilingi ovum. Folikel
berfungsi menyediakan sumber makanan bagi oosit. Folikel juga mengalami
perubahan seiring dengan perubahan oosit primer menjadi oosit sekunder hinggan
terjadi ovulasi. Folikel primer muncul pertama kali untuk menyelubingi oosit
primer. Selama tahap meiosis I pada oosit primer, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">folikel primer </b>berkembang menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">folikel sekunder. </b>Pada saat terbentuk oosit sekunder folikel
sekunder berkembang menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">folikel
tersier</b>. Pada masa ovulasi, folikel tersier berkembang menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">folikel de Graaf</b> (folikel matang).
Setelah oosit sekunder lepas dari folikel, folikel akan berubah menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">korpus luteum</b>. Jika tidak terjadi
fertilisasi, maka korpus luteum akan mengkerut menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">korpus albikan</b>.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-27792686082241447152015-01-03T18:44:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.444-07:00MAKALAH NON RUMINANSIA SISTEM PENCERNAAN PADA KELINCI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Puji dan
syukur patut penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa atas berkat dan
perkenaannya sehingga makalah ini dapat selesai dengan baik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penulis juga berterima kasih kepada semua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pihak yang telah membantu dalam menyelesaikan
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makalah ini
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</span>menambah wawasan bagi pembaca khususnya untuk peserta mata kuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ransum non ruminansia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penulis juga
menyadari bahwa dalam pebuatan makalah ini terdapat banyak kelemahan baik dari
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span>......................Juni
2014 </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penulis </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Baik
manusia maupun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hewan dalam hidupnya
selalu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengalami proses pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan. Pertumbuhan adalah bertambahnya ukuran dan jumlah sel serta
jaringan interseluler, yang berarti bertumbuhnya ukuran fisik dan struktur
tubuh sebagian atau keseluruhan, sehingga dapat di ukur dengan satuan panjang
dan berat. Sedangkan perkembangan adalah bertambahnya struktur dan fungsi tubuh
yang lebih kompleks dalam kemampuan gerak kasar, gerak halus ,bicara bahasa
serta sosialisasi dan kemandirian.Pertumbuhan terjadi secara simultan dengan
perkembangan. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan baik pada manusia dan hewan dapat
berlangsung dengan baik karena adanya faktor makanan yang dikonsumsi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makanan
sebagai faktor bagi berlangsungnuya proses perkembangan dan pertumbuhan tidak
terlepas dari alat-alat pencernaan yang sangat berperan dalam mencerna makanan
yang akan dibutuhkan bagi tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada hewan
non ruminansia seperti kelinci system pencernaan belum kompleks. Kelinci
memiliki sistem pencernaan yang amat rumit, dan mereka tidak dapat mencerna
semua makanan dengan cara yang sama baiknya. Sebagai contoh, mereka dapat
mencerna fruktosa (zat gula pada buah-buahan) dengan sangat baik, namun
kemampuan untuk mencerna gula jenis lain sangat rendah. Karenanya permen dan kue-kue
manis dapat membuat kelinci menjadi sangat sakit. Hal ini disebabkan karena
gula dan zat-zat makanan yang tidak dapat dicerna oleh usus halus kelinci akan
menumpuk di cecum, dan memancing bertambahnya bakteri produsen racun yang
menyebabkan banyak penyakit pada kelinci.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">download full ajh ya disini.....<a href="http://adf.ly/vq27Y">http://adf.ly/vq27Y </a></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03604058166296967925noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2012368143147734513.post-19253725125662047532015-01-03T18:38:00.001-08:002016-08-22T14:24:11.422-07:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM ILMU TERNAK POTONG DAN KERJA PEMELIHARAAN <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.25pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Latar
Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebutuhan akan produk peternakan
sekarang ini sangat tinggi. Masyarakat Indonesia sudah mulai sadar akan
pentingnya kebutuhan protein hewani dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mencukupi kebutuhan nutrisinya. Produk peternakan adalah produk yang
sangat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>primer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai contoh yaitu daging, telur,
susu merupakan produk yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Untuk saat ini banyak
kalangan yang beranggapan bahwa dunia peternakan adalah dunia yang kurang
mempunyai prospek ke depan. Apabila kita kaji dan kita perdalam tentang dunia
peternakan kita akan memperoleh makna yang sangat berharga. Untuk itu saat ini
saja orang terus memerlukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari sektor peternakan walaupun telah kita
ketahui bersama, untuk harga produk peternakan jauh di atas rata-rata harga
produk lainnya. Pada sapi potong khususnya yang asli Indonesia adalah sapi
Bali, Madura, Sumba dan peranakan Sumba Ongole (SO). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya potensi yang kita miliki
sudah sewajarnya jika kita<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengembangkan
produk ternak potong, agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>protein hewani masyarakat kita. Kegiatan yang
dilakukan pada saat praktikum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ternak
antara lain pengamatan manajemen seleksi dan breeding, manajemen
perawatan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manajemen sanitasi dan pencegahan
penyakit, manajemen pakan, manajemen perkandangan dan manajemen penanganan
limbah. Hal inilah yang melatar belakangi dilakukannya Praktikum Pemeliharaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.25pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dan
Kegunaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dari praktikum
ini adalah untuk mengetahui mengenai sanitasi kandang, pencampuran dan
pemberian pakan, serta dapat mengetahui jumlah populasi ternak sapi potong yang
digembalakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegunaan dari praktikum
ini adalah agar praktikan dapat mengetahui bagaimana cara membersihkan atau
sanitasi kandang, pencampuran dan pemberian pakan serta mengetahui jumlah
ternak yang digembalakan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.25pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori
Pertumbuhan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.25pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses Pertumbuhan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.25pt 54.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses
pertumbuhan merupakan suatu proses pertambahan berat hidup pada seekor ternak
yang dimulai sejak terjadinya fertilisasi, yaitu saat bersatunya sel telur
dengan spermatozoa sehingga terbentuk zygote, kemudian tumbuh menjadi embrio,
foetus, dan selanjutnya lahir sebagai anak serta berakhir pada saat mengalami
kematian yang alami sebagai akibat proses penuaan . Pada proses
pertumbuhan dapat dibedakan dalam 2 (dua) pengertian, yaitu (Damarapeka, 2011)
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 27.0pt dotted 13.0cm right blank 396.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertambahan (<i>growth</i>).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pertumbuhan
dalam arti pertambahan (<i>growth</i>) mempunyai pengertian sebagai pertambahan
yang meliputi ukuran dan bobot dari suatu jaringan, misalnya jaringan daging,
jaringan tulang dan jaringan syaraf. Dalam proses pertambahan ini gejala
pertumbuhan dari suatu organ atau individu ditandai dengan sel-selnya bertambah
banyak jumlahnya (proses perbanyakan sel) yang sering disebut dengan istilah <i>hype.................download full disini.......<a href="http://adf.ly/vq1bt">http://adf.ly/vq1bt</a></i></span></div>
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